CASE 57
K = left kidney.
History: A patient in the third trimester has a small-for-dates pregnancy on physical examination.
1. What should be included in the differential diagnosis based on the transverse ultrasound image of the third-trimester fetus shown in Figure A? (Choose all that apply.)
A. Bilateral hydronephrosis of the fetal kidneys from obstruction of the urethra
B. Bilateral hydronephrosis of the fetal kidneys from bilateral vesicoureteral reflux
C. Bilateral extrarenal pelvis of the fetal kidneys
2. Which of the following imaging findings is not suggestive of an obstructive urethral etiology for hydronephrosis?
3. What is the classic appearance of the fetal bladder in cases of posterior urethral valves (PUVs)?
D. Cystocele
4. In a term fetus, what is the upper limit of normal for the renal pelvis?
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