Renal Transplantation The incidence of end-stage renal disease is rising, and renal transplantation is the most desirable treatment for many of these patients, as it permits homeostasis and a quality…

Renal Tumors INTRODUCTION While there are many types of solid renal tumors; the most common solid renal masses are renal cell carcinomas (RCCs), angiomyolipomas (AMLs), and oncocytomas. Unfortunately, with the…

Renal Failure RENAL FAILURE There is no clearly defined set of biochemical or clinical criteria that characterize renal failure. Most authors use this term to describe a patient whose renal…

Renal Inflammatory Disease Inflammatory disease involving the kidney can be divided into two broad groups: (1) glomerulonephritis, which involves an immunologic injury of the glomerulus, and (2) interstitial nephritis, which…

Renal Cystic Disease Renal cysts, cystic disease, and cystic masses are the most common abnormalities encountered in uroradiology. In some patients, renal cysts are part of a systemic process that…

The Retroperitoneum This chapter deals with those conditions that involve the urinary tract such as fluid collections, retroperitoneal fibrosis, and primary retroperitoneal tumors. It will not deal with the wide…

The Adrenal Gland INTRODUCTION The adrenal glands lie superior to the kidneys in the perinephric space. Since they are surrounded by fat, they are usually well visualized on computed tomography…

Congenital Anomalies UPPER URINARY TRACT ANOMALIES Kidney Anatomy The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal structures that parallel the psoas muscle on either side of the lumbar spine. They are composed of…

Functional Renal Anatomy, Renal Physiology, and Contrast Media FUNCTIONAL RENAL ANATOMY The kidney maintains the homeostasis of body fluids through the excretion of metabolic end products and toxins, the regulation…