CASE 8 History: A 46-year-old patient presents with a history of low back pain and numbness. 1. What should be included in the differential diagnosis? (Choose all that apply.) a. Bilateral fracture and dislocation of the facet complex at L5-S1 b. L5-S1 spondylolysis with spondylolisthesis c. Degenerative changes of the facet joints with resulting spondylolisthesis at L5-S1 d. Congenital spinal canal stenosis 2. What vertebral anomaly is more frequent in individuals with spondylolisthesis? a. Spina bifida b. Hemivertebra d. Short anteroposterior dimensions of the vertebral body 3. Which of the following statements regarding spondylolysis is true? a. It occurs most commonly at L4. b. Involvement of the thoracic spine is common. c. Involvement of multiple levels is common. d. The process may be unilateral. 4. What is “pseudoherniation”? a. Disk herniation at the level above the spondylolisthesis b. Disk herniation above the level of spondylolisthesis c. Disk herniation into the vertebral body end-plate.
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