Regularly overlooked injuries The most common causes of a missed C-spine abnormality are failure to adequately visualise the injured region and inadequate understanding of the C1/C2 anatomy. Therefore errors commonly relate to: ▪ C1/C2 fractures or subluxations. ▪ Low C-spine fractures1–4, frequently involving the C7 vertebra. The standard radiographs Three-view trauma series. Injuries are most often missed because of poor radiographic technique and/or inaccurate film interpretation1,2,4–6. Most errors are avoidable5. Missed C-spine abnormalities occur most commonly at the top or at the bottom of the C-spine1,2. □ Whatever the level of violence, C-spine injuries frequently occur at the C1–C2 level1,3,4,6. □ The most common fracture in elderly patients following a fall is a high cervical injury1,3. □ Between 9% and 26% of patients with one fracture or dislocation of the spine will have further fractures demonstrable radiographically at other levels5. Identify the odontoid peg and assess its position and anatomical relationship to the C1 vertebra. Overlapping structures (eg mastoid, ear lobes, C1 vertebra) can make this difficult. Questions 1–5 will help you to overcome this. 2. Have I identified the anterior arch of the C1 vertebra (the “coffee bean”)? 3. Is the anterior cortex of the odontoid peg (the Peg) closely apposed to the “coffee bean”? 6. Is Harris’ ring7 normal? A break in either the anterior or posterior margin of the ring indicates the high probability of a fracture of the Peg/body of C2 (p. 176). 7. Are the posterior arches of C1 and C2 intact? 8. Are the other vertebrae (C3–C7) intact (p. 192)? 9. Are the three main contour lines/arcs normal (p. 178)? Question 6. Harris’ Ring7. Many lateral views will show a white ring projected over the base of the Peg and over part of the body of C2 (see above). This ring may appear slightly incomplete at its inferior and/or superior aspects—that is a normal appearance. However, if either the anterior or posterior margin of the ring appears disrupted then a fracture through the base of the Peg or the body of C2 is very possible and a C2 fracture will need to be excluded (p. 188). Question 7. Check that the posterior arches of C1 and C2 are intact. Potential Pitfall: Line 3 will sometimes show a slight step at the C2 level, particularly in children8. Apply this rule: this step should not be more than 2 mm posterior to the smooth arc as it is traced upwards between C3 and C1 vertebrae. The anatomical arrangement of the C1–C2 articulation allows extensive neck rotation whilst providing maximum stability. This stability depends on the integrity of the ligaments, particularly the C2 transverse ligament. Various other ligaments enable C1 vertebra to be held in the optimal position above the body of C2 vertebra. Any deviation from this alignment indicates either ligamentous disruption or a broken vertebra. Ask yourself three important questions:
Cervical spine
Normal anatomy
Lateral view
AP Peg view
Analysis: the checklists
Priority 1: Lateral view checklist
Ask yourself ten important questions:
Priority 2: AP Peg view checklist
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