Insula and Parainsula Areas (Areas 13, 43)

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Insula and Parainsula Areas (Areas 13, 43)

Main Text

Locations and Boundaries

Location

• Anterior portion of parietal operculum (secondary somatosensory cortex, area 43)
• Cortex underlying lateral sulcus (insula, area 13)

Boundaries

• Caudal and ventral: Temporal operculum
• Caudal and dorsal: Parietal operculum
• Rostral and dorsal: Frontal operculum
• Surrounded by temporal pole (area 38), superior temporal gyrus (area 22), auditory cortex (areas 41 and 42), primary somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, and 3), premotor cortex (area 6), inferior frontal gyrus (areas 44, 45, and 47), and orbitofrontal cortex (area 11)

Function

Interoception

• Thirst
• Oxygen deprivation
• Sexual arousal
• Distension of organs involved in food consumption and digestion
• Heartbeat
• Itch

Salience

• Presentation of novel stimulus
• Monitoring of task performance

Emotion

• Sadness, disgust, fear, negatively and positively valenced stimuli, joy, love, empathy, etc.

Somatosensation

• Fine touch

Multiple somatotopic maps of body represented in secondary somatosensory cortex (area 43) and insula (area 13), separate from somatotopic map in primary somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, and 3)

Somatotopic map in insula represents subjective somatosensory and motor experience
• Texture perception

Nociception (pain perception)

Thermoception (temperature perception)

Somatosensory working memory

Integration of sensory and motor processing

Proprioception

Music

• Rhythm, pitch, and timbre
• Singing

Gustation

• Processing of taste perception

Time Passage

• Perception of time passage becomes more keen (i.e., dilation of time) during salient and emotional experiences
• Time synchronization

Structural Connections

Cortical

• Anterior cingulate cortex (areas 24, 32, and 33)
• Orbitofrontal cortex (area 11)
• Temporal cortex (areas 20, 21, and 22)
• Visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19)
• Inferior frontal gyrus (areas 44 and 45)
• Inferior parietal lobule (areas 39 and 40)
• Superior parietal lobule (areas 5 and 7)
• Premotor cortex (area 6)
• Supplementary motor area (area 6)
• Primary somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, and 3)
• Entorhinal cortex (areas 28, 35, and 36)

Subcortical

• Ventral medial nucleus of thalamus
• Ventral posterior inferior nucleus of thalamus
• Amygdala
• Hippocampus
• Basal ganglia

Functional Connections

Coactive Regions

• Anterior cingulate cortex (areas 24, 32, and 33)
• Supplementary motor area (area 6)
• Premotor cortex (area 6)
• Primary motor cortex (area 4)
• Primary somatosensory cortex (areas 1, 2, and 3)
• Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (areas 9 and 46)
• Orbitofrontal cortex (area 11)
• Visual cortex (areas 17, 18, and 19)
• Thalamus
• Basal ganglia
• Cerebellum

Associated Literature Keywords (NeuroSynth)

• Pain, noxious, unpleasant, somatosensory, heat, temperature, stimulation, vocal, tactile, rating, pitch, sensation

Areas 13- and 43-Associated Disorders

Fibromyalgia

• Inability to modulate painful stimuli

Addiction

• Conscious urge to take drugs involves insular activity

Anxiety Conditions

• Hyperactivity in anxiety conditions

Generalized anxiety disorder

Posttraumatic stress disorder

Social anxiety disorder

Specific phobia

Image Gallery

Print Images

INSULA: LOCATION AND COACTIVATION

Coronal and axial slices from a cytoarchitectonic map of the posterior insular cortex is shown. This quantitative probabilistic map was derived from postmortem human brains and is specific to cellular properties unique to area 13 (data source: SPM Anatomy toolbox).

Coactivation map of Brodmann areas 13 and 43 shows brain regions that reliably activate with the centroid of voxels lying within areas 13 and 43 in over 4,000 studies from the NeuroSynth database. Image is the average of left and right coactivation maps.

FUNCTIONAL PARCELLATION OF INSULA

A parcellation of the insula into 6 regions (superior, inferior, anterior, mid, and posterior) is shown. Clustering is based on functional connectivity to the cortex. Anterior insular regions show greatest connectivity to the dorsal attention network (superior) and default network (inferior). Mid insular regions show greatest connectivity to the salience network (superior) and medial temporal and limbic structures (inferior). Posterior insular regions show greatest connectivity to the somatomotor, auditory, and visual cortex.

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Tags: Imaging Anatomy Brain and Spine

Mar 13, 2021 | Posted by admin in NUCLEAR MEDICINE | Comments Off

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