PULMONARY VENOUS
CONNECTIONS
 

INTRODUCTION

Anomalies of systemic and pulmonary venous connections can occur as isolated anomalies or as part of simple (atrial septal defect) or complex cardiac malformations (heterotaxy syndrome). Prenatal detection of venous anomalies increased in the last several years facilitated by the advent of high-resolution gray-scale and color Doppler ultrasound. Systemic venous malformations include anomalies of the inferior and superior vena cava and coronary sinus. Persistent left superior vena cava, which is presented in this chapter, and interruption of the inferior vena cava with azygos continuation (see Chapter 22) are two systemic venous malformations commonly found in fetal and postnatal series. Other systemic venous malformations including absence of the right superior vena cava (1) and unroofed coronary sinus are rare conditions and are not discussed in this chapter. Anomalies of the fetal abdominal veins, such as the ductus venosus or the umbilical vein (2,3) are beyond the scope of this book. Anomalies of the pulmonary venous system including total or partial anomalous connections are discussed in this chapter.

PERSISTENT LEFT SUPERIOR VENA CAVA

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