• These result from failure of the normal closure of the communication between the bladder urachus and allantois (which normally forms the median umbilical ligament) • Cystitis cystica: hyperplastic submucosal urothelial cells occurring in response to chronic infection (central necrosis can give a pseudocystic appearance) • Cystitis glandularis: glandular proliferation within the mucosa and lamina propria • Leukoplakia: developing squamous metaplasia in response to chronic inflammation • Epithelial in origin (> 90%): these are always malignant
Bladder
MISCELLANEOUS BLADDER CONDITIONS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
Urachal anomalies
an adenocarcinoma can arise within the urachal remnant
INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
Chronic cystitis
AXR/CT
it is characterized by granulomatous nodular cystic cavities
white patches are commonly seen on the trigone and bladder base
BLADDER TUMOURS
BLADDER TUMOURS
DEFINITION
carcinoma in situ is associated with an increased risk of developing invasive disease
Bladder
there is marked upper tract dilatation and renal dysplasia which is incompatible with life
they are usually multiple and may contain calculi (25%) or tumour (<5%)
it presents with urine leakage at the umbilicus
it usually affects the lower ⅓ of the tract and may present as a cystic mass on imaging
bladder outlet obstruction 
bladder diverticulae
bladder wall irregularity associated with trabeculation 
a diminished bladder capacity
gas within the bladder wall and appearing as a ‘ring’ within the pelvis
blood clot 
cellular debris
