The radiological types of bronchiectasis include cylindrical, cystic, varicoid, or a combination of types. Traction bronchiectasis is the term used when there is bronchiolar dilatation due to pulmonary fibrosis.

Bronchiectasis can also be divided into proximal and distal types. There are fewer causes for proximal bronchiectasis; they include cystic fibrosis, allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA), and tuberculosis.

Causes of Bronchiectasis

Postinfectious

• Bacterial
  
• Mycobacterial
  
• Fungal
  
• Viral

Congenital

• Primary ciliary dyskinesia
  
• α1 antitrypsin
  
• Cystic fibrosis
  
• Tracheobronchomegaly (Mounier-Kuhn)
  
• Cartilage deficiency (Williams-Campbell)
  
• Pulmonary sequestration
  
• Marfan syndrome

Immunodeficiency

• Primary: hypogammaglobulinemia
  
• Secondary: chronic lymphocytic leukemia; immunosuppression

Trapped Lung

• Right middle lung syndrome

Collagen Vascular Diseases

• Rheumatoid arthritis
  
• Systemic lupus erythematosus
  
• Sjögren’s syndrome
  
• Relapsing polychondritis