Useful to assess cardiac thrombus and no-reflow phenomenon.

2–5 min after contrast medium administration.

Inversion time: 460 ms.

Cardiac planes: 4CH, 2CH, LVOT ± SA.

Characteristics: congenital malformation with dysplasia of the tricuspid valve and abnormal attachment of the tricuspid leaflets (septal and inferior) leading to an apical displacement of the valve, resulting in atrialization of the right ventricle and a small RV chamber with significant tricuspid regurgitation.

Associated with pulmonary stenosis/atresia, VSD, and ASD.

Ebstein’s anomaly when the AV valve offset is >8 mm/m² or >15 mm; otherwise talk about dysplastic tricuspid valve.

MR: (1) Measure offset between AV valves plane in the 4-chamber view; (2) degree of RV atrialization; (3) RV volumes and function; (4) severity of tricuspid regurgitation.

ECG interpretation during MR examination is limited due to the magnetohydrodynamic effects.

ECG aspects that can be evaluated: heart rate, extrasystoles, and atrial fibrillation.

Provocative test to detect significant coronary disease.

Coronary artery disease sensitivity 68 %, specificity 77 %.

Indications: diagnosis of IHD, post-MI, pre- and post-revascularization, arrhythmia evaluation.

Causes of false-positive test: cardiomyopathies, hypertension, mitral valve prolapse, LVOT obstruction, resting ECG abnormalities.

White: right arm (RA).

Green: right leg (RL).

Black: left arm (LA)—in case of 3-lead system, it is absent.

Red: left leg (LL).

Accurately remove excessive hair and use abrasive skin preparation.

ECG signal can be significantly increased.

In case of unsuccessful triggering, use finger pulse signal.

A modulation system of ECG-controlled tube current output during retrospectively gated acquisitions. The system is based on the essential requirement that the best phase of the cardiac cycle in which to reconstruct the images is the mesodiastolic phase, the phase of greater immobility of the heart and coronary arteries; thus, while X-ray is turned on, tube current is raised to a maximum level in the mesodiastolic phase (100 % dose) where you need maximum signal-to-noise ratio and reduced gradually to a minimum (decreased up to 80 %) in the systolic phase, leading up to 50 % reduction of delivered radiation dose.

The optimal “pulsing window” (when current output becomes maximal) has to be as short as possible, typically focused around mid-diastole. This becomes a complex decision according to pulse window width, heart rate, and scanner type.

General rule: HR <65 beats/min, best phase at mid-diastole (65–75 % of the RR interval); HR > 70 beats/min, best phase may vary from 30 to 80 %.

Causes: acute myocardial infarction, myocarditis, cardiomyopathies, infiltrative disease, tumor.

MR: (1) can assess myocardial edema using T₂-weighted images with fat suppression (STIR); (2) to be sure of myocardial edema in anterior septal wall, switch off cardiac phased-array coil, and if myocardial hyperintensity persists, it is true edema; (3) diffuse edema can be difficult to recognize, use myocardial SI/skeletal muscle SI, and a ratio ≥2 is abnormal.

The sum of any weighted equivalent dose from each organ or tissue can be calculated as follows: E = ∑ _T,R W _T · W _R · D _T , where D _T is the absorbed dose (mGy) in tissue T due to radiation R, W _R is the weighting factor for radiation R, and W _T

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