Questions

Answers

1. A currently used scintigraphic radiopharmaceutical that is excreted by the kidneys and measures effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) is __________.

1. ^99mTc-mercaptoacetyltriglycine (MAG3)

2. To perform a flow study with a ^99mTc-labeled radiopharmaceutical, one must inject at least __________.

2. 10 to 15 mCi (370 to 555 MBq) as a bolus with rapid-sequence scinti-photos

3. The scintigraphic renal imaging agent that is primarily filtered and may be used to determine the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is __________.

3. ^99mTc–diethylene triamine pentacetic acid (DTPA)

4. Scintigraphic renal agents that are used to assess the appearance of the renal parenchyma include __________.

4. ^99mTc–dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) and ^99mTc-glucoheptonate (GHA)

5. The scintigraphic renal cortical imaging agent that also demonstrates the collecting system on the early images is __________.

5. ^99mTc-GHA

6. Compared with ^99mTc-GHA, the renal transit time of ^99mTc-DMSA is __________.

6. longer

7. The percentage of ^99mTc-GHA retained by the kidneys is approximately __________.

7. 15%

8. The scintigraphic renal cortical imaging agent that reaches the highest concentration in the cortex (42% of the injected dose) is __________.

8. ^99mTc-DMSA

9. Of the most commonly used renal imaging agents, the one that gives the highest radiation dose to the kidneys is __________.

9. ^99mTc-DMSA

10. If a flow study and cortical imaging are to be performed, one should choose __________, because of the lower cortical radiation dose.

10. ^99mTc-GHA

11. A radiopharmaceutical that is usually taken up by a suspected renal abscess is __________.

11. ⁶⁷Ga-citrate

12. The kidneys are not normally well visualized on a ⁶⁷Ga-citrate scan after what span of time?

12. 24 hours

13. The kidneys receive approximately what percentage of cardiac output?

13. 25%

14. The normal adult GFR is __________.

14. 125 mL/minute

15. The normal adult renal blood flow is __________.

15. 1250 mL/minute

16. The normal adult renal plasma flow is __________.

16. 700 mL/minute

17. The renal blood vessel that carries blood directly away from the glomerulus is called the __________.

17. efferent arteriole

18. Which portion of the greater reno-gram curve is most affected by dehydration?

18. transit

19. Which portion of the renogram curve is most affected by acute obstruction?

19. excretion

20. When the percent function is determined, which portion of the radio-renogram curve is used?

20. uptake

21. What nonradioactive pharmaceutical is often administered to distinguish an obstructed dilated collection system from a nonobstructed dilated collection system during radiorenography?

21. furosemide (Lasix)

22. In a nonobstructed kidney, the washout half-time on a post-Lasix renogram is less than __________ minutes.

22. 10

23. In an obstructed kidney, the washout half-time on a post-Lasix renogram is generally greater than __________ minutes.

23. 20

24. When the renogram data are processed, the background regions of interest are usually placed __________.

24. inferolaterally

25. In children, the most common site of renal obstruction is at the __________.

25. ureteropelvic junction

26. In adults, the most common site of renal obstruction is at the __________.

26. ureterovesical junction

27. Is an agent more likely to be filtered or secreted if it is highly protein bound?

27. secreted

28. What substance traditionally has been used to determine the GFR by non–nuclear medicine techniques?

28. inulin

29. The simplest way to reduce the radiation exposure to the bladder after a radionuclide renal study is by __________.

29. having the patient void

30. By definition, the filtration fraction is the ratio of __________.

30. the GFR to renal plasma flow

31. On a normal renal flow study, the kidneys should be visualized __________.

31. within two to three seconds of visualization of the adjacent aorta

32. During the course of a renal radio-nuclide study, a rising background curve can be most commonly seen when __________.

32. The dose is infiltrated.

33. The two main pathologic processes that cause renal artery stenosis are __________.

33. fibromuscular dysplasia and athero-sclerotic disease