Anomalous voltage detected by ECG caused by ions in the blood influenced by the magnetic field.

Leads to ECG alterations on the T waves, which appears largest.

MAPCAs: arteries originating from descending aorta and transverse aortic arch to vascularize the lungs.

Usually associated with pulmonary atresia and ventricular septal defect.

Describe origin caliber, course, relationship with airways, and pulmonary territories supplied.

Abrupt reduction in caliber of MAPCAs is protecting the pulmonary circulation from higher systemic pressure.

MAPCAs visualization: CT > MR.

Autosomal dominant mutations in fibrillin gene.

Incidence: 1/5,000–10,000.

Cardiovascular anomalies: (1) ascending aorta dilatation with sinus of Valsalva involvement; (2) aortic dissection; (3) aortic valve regurgitation; (4) mitral valve prolapse and regurgitation; (4) main pulmonary artery dilatation; (5) mitral annulus calcification; (6) descending thoracic and abdominal aorta dilatation or dissection.

See also Aortic Aneurysm, Thoracic.

Also known as “no-reflow phenomenon.”

Area of low signal intensity within the enhanced region of myocardial infarction (LE or early enhancement imaging).

Predictive of adverse ventricular remodeling and major adverse cardiovascular events after MI.

Tube current time product (mAs: milliampere second).

Radiation dose is directly proportional to mAs and it can be adjusted customizing amperage values for body mass.

Typical values in cardiac CT: 350 mAs in small patients, 450 mAs in medium-sized patients, and 550 mAs or higher in large patients.

Two leaflets: anterior and posterior; normal leaflet thickness is less than 5 mm.

Each leaflet consists of three segments: P1, P2, and P3 in the posterior and A1, A2, and A3 in the anterior.

Normal annulus area: 4–6 cm².

Chordae are attached to two papillary muscles that arise from the lateral wall of the left ventricle; the thickness of the chordae tendineae ranges from 0.4 to 1.2 mm.

CT: assessment of leaflet, chordae, and papillary muscle morphology, thickening, and calcifications.

MR: (1) morphological assessment; (2) leaflet motility; (3) flow evaluation.

Systolic displacement of mitral valve leaflets below the mitral annulus plane of 2 mm or greater toward the left atrium.

2–3 % of general population.

Two types: (1) billowing (bowing of leaflet body), the most common cause is myxomatous degeneration, and (2) flail leaflet (prolapse of the free edges of the leaflet beyond the mitral annulus plane of 2 mm or greater into the left atrium), due to chordal rupture in the presence of rheumatic disease or by infective endocarditis.

Leaflet thickening: >2 mm.

Association with perivalvular ventricular and papillary muscle fibrosis.

Increased risk to develop infective endocarditis and arrhythmias or sudden death.

Causes: (1) acute, bacterial endocarditis and myocardial infarction with involvement of the papillary muscle and (2) chronic, rheumatic heart disease, mitral valve prolapse syndrome, Marfan syndrome, congenital disease, idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis, functional (secondary to dilatation of the mitral annulus in LV dilatation).

Types of regurgitation: (1) central regurgitation, due to coaptation failure or to annular dilatation, is located between A2 and P2, and (2) eccentric regurgitation, caused by prolapse, papillary dysfunction/failure, holes in the valve leaflets due to endocarditis, or degeneration.

CT: (1) direct planimetry of the regurgitant orifice area; (2) direct evaluation of mitral leaflets, chordae tendineae, and papillary muscles; (3) other findings: compensatory left atrial dilatation, left ventricular dilatation, and pulmonary congestion.

MR: (1) planimetry; (2) flow analysis; (3) multiple cine images perpendicular to the mitral valve commissure to assess scallops/coaptation and to identify the site of prolapse/regurgitation; (4) assessment of left atrial dimension; (5) thrombus detection.

Indirect regurgitation quantification: (1) LVSV–aortic systolic flow (measured by aortic flow mapping); (2) LVSV–RVSV in isolated mitral regurgitation.