Temporal Cortex (Areas 20, 21, 22)

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Temporal Cortex (Areas 20, 21, 22)

Main Text

Location and Boundaries

Location

• Temporal lobe, from posterior margin of temporopolar cortex to occipitotemporal junction

Part of superior temporal gyrus represented by primary auditory cortex (areas 41 and 42)

Boundaries

• Rostral: Extends ~ 2.5 cm from temporal pole (area 38)
• Medial and caudal: Occipitotemporal sulcus separating occipitotemporal area 37 (posteriorly) and ectorhinal area 36 (anteriorly) from areas 20, 21
• Superior temporal sulcus separates superior temporal area 22 from middle temporal (MT) area 21
• Inferior temporal sulcus separates inferior temporal area 20 from MT area 21
• Angular gyrus (area 39) represents caudal extension of superior temporal gyrus area 22

Function

Heterogeneous Function

• Auditory association superiorly, visual association inferiorly, multimodal and attentional association cortex posteriorly and at temporal pole
• Several highly specialized regions, such as MT area and Wernicke area

Auditory Processing

• Superior and MT gyri include auditory association cortex with higher order auditory feature discrimination

Language

• Wernicke area (posterior superior and MT gyrus, posterior superior temporal sulcus) active during receptive language

Motion Perception and Attention

• MT area active for moving stimuli; participates in dorsal attention network

High-Order Visual Processing (Ventral “What” Pathway)

• Inferior temporal cortex represents progressively more complex visual features anteriorly

Social Cognition

• Superior temporal sulcus and frontopolar regions frequently active in social activation paradigms

Structural Connections

Inputs

• Visual inputs from lateral occipital lobe (“what” pathway): Fusiform gyrus (area 37) and extrastriate cortex (areas 18 and 19)
• Auditory inputs from primary auditory cortex (areas 41, 42) to superior and MT gyri

Reciprocal Connections

• Language regions (Broca, Wernicke) with dense interconnectivity throughout inferior frontal (areas 44, 45, and 47), temporal, inferior parietal (areas 39 and 40), and insular (area 13) cortices
• Attentional regions: Lateral middle and inferior temporal gyri with default mode network, posterior MT area with dorsal attention network

Functional Connections

Coactive Regions

• Attention control network with MT area
• Sensorimotor network with superior temporal gyrus near primary auditory cortex (areas 41 and 42)
• Language network near Wernicke area
• Default mode network with inferior and MT cortex more anteriorly

Associated Literature Keywords (NeuroSynth, Area 21)

• Self-referential, text, elderly, engagement, retrieval, thought, attribution, story, conceptual, lexical, theory of mind

Areas 20-, 21-, 22-Associated Disorders

Wernicke Aphasia

• Inability to comprehend speech of others; preserved fluency but often meaningless speech (“word salad”)

Image Gallery

Print Images

TEMPORAL CORTEX: LOCATION AND COACTIVATION

Axial and coronal slices show the relative positions of superior, middle, and inferior temporal gyri representing Brodmann areas 22, 21, and 20, respectively (data source: WFU PickAtlas).

Coactivation map of Brodmann areas 20, 21, and 22 shows brain regions that reliably activate with the centroid of voxels lying within areas 20, 21, and 22 in over 4,000 studies from the NeuroSynth database. This image is the average of left and right coactivation maps.

TEMPORAL CORTEX CONNECTIVITY

Functional connectivity MR images are shown, averaged from 1,016 typically developing volunteers (ages 18-30) from the 1,000 Functional Connectomes and ADHD-200 datasets. This image shows the correlation to a seed region in bilateral Brodmann areas 20, 21, and 22 as defined by the WFU PickAtlas toolbox for MATLAB. This image was created using BrainNet Viewer software.

Functional connectivity MR was averaged from 1,003 typically developing volunteers from the Human Connectome Project dataset. Surface renderings show the correlation to a seed region in the right Brodmann area 20 as defined by the WFU PickAtlas toolbox for MATLAB. This image was displayed using BrainNet Viewer software.

Functional connectivity MR was averaged from 1,003 typically developing volunteers from the Human Connectome Project dataset. Surface renderings show the correlation to a seed region in the left Brodmann area 21 as defined by the WFU PickAtlas toolbox for MATLAB. This image was displayed using BrainNet Viewer software.

Slices show the correlation to a seed region in the bilateral Brodmann area 22.

BRODMANN AREAS 20, 21, AND 22

Lateral surface-rendered map of the superior temporal gyrus is shaded in green, representing Brodmann cortical parcellation scheme for area 22 (data source: Connectome Workbench).

Lateral surface-rendered map of the middle temporal gyrus is shaded in green, representing Brodmann cortical parcellation scheme for area 21 (data source: Connectome Workbench).

Ventral surface-rendered map, with cerebellum removed, of the inferior temporal gyrus is shaded in olive green, representing Brodmann cortical parcellation scheme for area 20 (data source: Connectome Workbench).

TEMPORAL GYRI AND SULCI

Sagittal section of a temporal cortex map represents Brodmann cortical parcellation scheme for areas 20, 21, and 22 (data source: WFU PickAtlas).

Lateral surface-rendered image shows superior (blue), middle (red), and inferior (yellow) temporal gyri, reconstructed in FreeSurfer software package using Destrieux 2009 atlas for 1 subject.

Lateral-rendered image of the white matter surface shows superior (blue), middle (red), and inferior (yellow) temporal gyri and superior (orange) and inferior (green) temporal sulci reconstructed in FreeSurfer software package using Destrieux 2009 atlas for 1 subject.

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Tags: Imaging Anatomy Brain and Spine

Mar 13, 2021 | Posted by admin in NUCLEAR MEDICINE | Comments Off

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