Performed in newborns with transposition of the great arteries.

Contraindications: (1) thrombus in left atrial appendage; (2) moderate mitral regurgitation; (3) severe aortic or tricuspid valve disease.

Familial form of mitral valve prolapse.

Ascending aorta and aortic valve replacement with a valved conduit and reimplantation of the coronary arteries used to treat combined aortic valve and ascending aorta disease.

Gradient (mmHg) = 4 V ².

Simplified Bernoulli formula to calculate the pressure gradient from peak velocity. V: peak velocity (m/s).

Beta receptor antagonist.

Helpful in HR reduction.

Optimal administration should start 2–3 days before examination.

They are also effective if administered the same day (maximum HR reduction around 10 bpm).

Contraindications: asthma, second- or third-degree hearth block, bradycardia.

The effect of ionizing radiation can be divided into two categories: (1) deterministic effects (skin erythema, skin necrosis, hair loss), seen immediately after radiation doses that lie well above those administered in cardiac CT, and (2) stochastic effects, seen after a long latent period and associated with low exposures. Stochastic effects occur randomly, are mediated by chemical damage to the DNA molecules, and clinically manifest as genetic defects and an increased risk of cancer; the risk of their occurrence depends on the tissue, the age, and the sex of the subject receiving the radiation.