3 Blood Vessels: The Aorta and its Branches, the Vena Cava and its Tributaries

Organ Boundaries

The aorta and vena cava run parallel, anterior, and slightly lateral to the spinal column in the retroperitoneum. Just below the diaphragm, the vena cava initially is slightly more anterior than the aorta and is surrounded predominantly by the liver. The aorta is covered by the esophagogastric junction as it pierces the diaphragm and is more difficult to image than the vena cava (Fig. 3.1).

Locating the aorta and vena cava

Barriers to scanning

The two main barriers to scanning the aorta and vena cava are the stomach and transverse colon.

Optimizing the scanning conditions

Usually the two vessels can be quickly located by sliding the transducer across the upper abdomen.

Organ identification

Start with the transducer placed transversely in the midline of the upper abdomen below the xiphoid. From there you can almost always image the aorta and vena cava in transverse section by angling the transducer slightly up (cephalad) and down (caudad), as shown in Fig. 3.2.

Demonstrating the aorta and vena cava in their entirety

Demonstrating the aorta and vena cava in transverse section

Define both vessels in an upper abdominal transverse section and scan slowly down the length of the vessels to the level of the bifurcation (Fig. 3.3). It is normal for your view to be obscured intermittently by bowel gas, mainly in the transverse colon.

Demonstrating the aorta and vena cava in longitudinal section

While watching the screen, rotate the transducer over the aorta in the upper abdomen from a transverse to a longitudinal plane of section. As you move the transducer slowly toward the right side, the aorta will disappear and the vena cava will come into view (Fig. 3.4). Scan across the entire aorta and vena cava. Repeat this pass several times.

Now move the transducer down to the midabdomen. You will notice that the vessels are obscured by gas—usually in the transverse colon, which is cut transversely by the scan plane. As before, scan slowly across the entire aorta and vena cava several times (Fig. 3.5).

Abnormalities in the course of the aorta

Elongation and kinking of the aorta may occur with ageing (Fig. 3.6). In these cases only small segments of the kinked aorta can be seen in longitudinal sections. In transverse sections, you will see the lumen deviate toward the right or left side as you scan down the vessel.

Organ Details

Demonstrating arterial and venous pulsations

Demonstrate the aorta in an upper abdominal longitudinal scan. Notice the firm beat of its pulsations. Now image the vena cava in longitudinal section and observe the soft, double-beat pattern of its pulsations.

Evaluating the vessel walls and lumina

Image the aorta in longitudinal section. Look at its thick, echogenic wall. Occasionally a typical three-layered wall structure can be seen (Fig. 3.7). Note how the size of its lumen does not change during pulsations or during inspiration/expiration. Apply pressure over the aorta with the transducer and notice that it is not compressible. The normal aorta tapers from above downward, its diameter decreasing from approximately 2.5 cm to 2.0 cm.

Define the vena cava in longitudinal section. Notice its thin wall and the changes in its caliber during the pulse phases. Have the subject breathe in and out (Figs. 3.8, 3.9) and observe how the lumen narrows during inspiration.

Abnormalities of the aortic wall and lumen

Atherosclerotic plaque. It is common to find atherosclerotic plaques on the inner wall of the aorta and its branches (Figs. 3.10–3.13).

Aortic aneurysm. Most aortic aneurysms occur at an infrarenal level, and generally they are easy to detect. A saccular aneurysm (Fig. 3.14) appears as a circumscribed, asymmetrical outpouching of the aorta, while a fusiform aneurysm (Fig. 3.15) uniformly affects the circumference of the vessel (Fig. 3.16). With a dissecting aneurysm, the intimal flap can be recognized as a bright echo (Fig. 3.17). Table 3.1 reviews the sonographic features of aortic aneurysm.

Aortic aneurysms tend to enlarge over time. The larger the aneurysm, the more rapid its progression. Aneurysms less than 5 cm in diameter grow by 2–4mm each year. Cases of this kind should be scanned every three months to evaluate size. Aneurysms with a diameter of 5 cm or more grow by up to 6mm per year. These cases should be evaluated for surgical treatment. With aneurysms larger than 7 cm, the risk of rupture in one year is greater than 50%.

Luminal and wall abnormalities of the vena cava

Heart failure. Scanning in patients with overt right heart failure demonstrates an enlarged vena cava (> 2 cm) that is resistant to compression and does not change its caliber with respiration (Fig. 3.18).

Vena cava thrombosis. A thrombus appears as an intraluminal area of high echogenicity (Fig. 3.19). As in heart failure, the vessel does not show caliber changes with respiration. Table 3.2 lists the sonographic features of vena cava thrombosis.

Identifying and defining the branches of the aorta and vena cava

Aortic branches

You know the anatomy of the aortic branches that can be seen with ultrasound: the celiac trunk with the hepatic artery, splenic artery, and left gastric artery; the superior mesenteric artery; the right and left renal arteries; and finally the right and left iliac arteries (Table 3.3). These structures create patterns in longitudinal and transverse scans that, ideally, can be used as landmarks (Fig. 3.20).

Related posts:

General Porta Hepatis Adrenal Glands Gallbladder Pancreas Kidneys

Stay updated, free articles. Join our Telegram channel

Join