Anterior Mediastinum

• Lymph node masses
  
• Thymic masses
  
• Germ cell tumors
  
• Thyroid masses
  
• Parathyroid masses
  
• Aneurysms
  
• Lipoma
  
• Lymphangioma and hemangioma

Anterior Mediastinum (Cardiophrenic Angle)

• Lymph node masses (particularly lymphoma and metastases)
  
• Pericardial cyst
  
• Morgagni hernia
  
• Thymic masses
  
• Germ cell tumors

Middle Mediastinum

• Lymph node masses
  
• Lung carcinoma
  
• Sarcoidosis
  
• Lymphoma
  
• Metastases
  
• Infections
  
• Foregut cyst
  
• Tracheal tumor
  
• Lipoma
  
• Thyroid masses
  
• Aneurysms
  
• Lymphangioma and hemangioma
  
• Chemodectoma
  
• Dilated azygos vein
  
• Esophageal varices
  
• Hernia

Posterior Mediastinum

• Neurogenic tumor
  
• Foregut cyst
  
• Meningocele
  
• Extramedullary hematopoiesis
  
• Pseudocyst
  
• Spine abnormalities
  
• Hernia
  
• Esophageal masses
  
• Varices
  
• Lipoma
  
• Lymph node masses
  
• Dilated azygos or hemiazygos vein
  
• Hernia
  
• Lymphangioma and hemangioma

Lymph Node Masses

Calcified Lymph Nodes

• Common:
  
  
  
  • Prior granulomatous diseases
    
  • Tuberculosis
    
  • Fungal infections (histoplasmosis)
    
  • Sarcoidosis
    
  • Silicosis
    
  • Hodgkin’s disease (usually following treatment)
  
  
• Rare:
  
  
  
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii (P. carinii) pneumonia
    
  • Metastases (mucinous adenocarcinoma)
    
  • Amyloidosis
    
  • Scleroderma
    
  • Castleman’s disease

• Common:
  
  
  
  • Infectious granulomatous diseases
    
  • Tuberculosis
    
  • Fungal infections (histoplasmosis)
    
  • Metastases
    
  • Lung cancer
    
  • Extrathoracic malignancy
    
  • Lymphoma
  
  
• Rare:
  
  
  
  • Sarcoidosis

Enhancing Lymph Nodes

• Common:
  
  
  
  • Metastases (vascular tumors)
    
  • Tuberculosis
  
  
• Rare:
  
  
  
  • Castleman’s disease
    
  • Sarcoidosis
    
  • Angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy

Thymic Masses