• Recto-urethral fistula: this rare abnormality is usually associated with an imperforate anus • Urethral duplication: there is usually complete duplication with one of the urethras ending as a hypospadias • Hypospadias: absence of the ventral aspect of the distal urethra • Epispadias: absence of the dorsal aspect of the distal urethra
Urethra
URETHRA: BENIGN DISORDERS
CONGENITAL ANOMALIES
Other urethral anomalies
air within the bladder confirms the diagnosis
STRICTURES
Urethra
incomplete obliteration may lead to the formation of cysts between the bladder and rectum which can present with urinary frequency or obstructive symptoms
it is often associated with maldevelopment of the genitalia
they are located near the distal verumontanum and result from the abnormal migration of mucosal folds (Wolffian duct remnants) from the verumontanum to the membranous urethra
progressive oligohydramnios during pregnancy (± pulmonary hypoplasia) 
obstructive symptoms 
infection 
haematuria
there is a high association with renal dysplasia and minimal upper tract dilatation
there may be dilatation of the posterior uretha proximal to the valve 
vesicoureteric reflux may be present (and is associated with poor renal function on the affected side)
infection 
carcinoma
increased urinary frequency 
dysuria 
dyspareunia
it usually has a short neck
Ureaplasma urealyticum 
tuberculosis 
schistosomiasis
strictures 
reflux into the glands of Littre, Cowper’s gland ducts, prostatic ducts and seminal vesicles 
pseudodiverticulae
there is proximal dilatation and it classically follows a gonococcal urethritis
