1. What are the physical principles on which ultra-sound imaging is based?

A. The measurement of:

Transit time

Echo amplitude

Frequency shift

B. The transmission of:

A continuous wave

Pulsed ultrasound

1

2. What physical principle is utilized in the evaluation of blood flow?

What techniques do you know?

1

3. Please explain the basic principles of the following terms:

A mode

B mode

M mode

Duplex mode

Color Doppler

1

4. What is a:

Simple scan

Compound scan

Static scan

Real-time scan

Water-bath scan vs. contact scan

1, 18

5. Which examination techniques (see question 3) and which scanning techniques (see question 4) do you prefer? Why?

2

6. Name two different scanning techniques that are useful for examining the breast.

2

7. Explain the principles of these transducer types:

Linear array

Sector scanner

Annular array

Convex array

1

8. Name two different scanning techniques used in breast ultrasound examinations.

2

9. What is a simple scan? A compound scan?

1, 18

10. What is meant by real-time scanning? Does it involve a water-bath technique or contact scanning?

1, 2

11. What is the advantage of a real-time scan over static scanning methods?

1, 18

12. What is a linear-array transducer? What is an annular-array transducer?

1

13. Is a sector transducer better than a linear-array transducer for breast imaging?

If not, why?

1

14. What one or more of the following should be used for real-time breast ultrasound? An instrument with

Long wavelength

High frequency

High resolution

Short wavelength

Low frequency

1

15. What ultrasound frequencies are suitable for breast ultrasound?

1

16. If a high frequency is used, should the power setting be increased or decreased, and should the TGC be increased or reduced?

1

17. How do the following parameters affect ultra-sound resolution?

Frequency

Wavelength

Pulse length

Focusing

1

18. What are the advantages and disadvantages of different transducers? Which transducer types and frequency ranges are best for:

Abdominal imaging

Early pregnancy

Late pregnancy

Gynecologic imaging

Breast imaging

1

19. Does real-time scanning involve a water-bath technique, static scanning, and/or contact scanning?

1, 2

20. What one or more of the following causes acoustic enhancement deep to a mass?

High sound velocity

Low sound velocity

High sound attenuation

Low sound attenuation

1

21. On which principle(s) of physics is ultrasound imaging based?

1

22. What principles or physics are utilized in the ultrasound evaluation of blood flow?

1, 19

23 Are there different Doppler techniques? What are they?

1, 19

24. Describe a standard examination protocol for breast ultrasound.

2

25 Please assign high or low echogenicity to each of the following (compared with the echogenicity of fat)?

Breast parenchyma

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