Brain and Spine
EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY Key Embryological Concepts • Multiple processes occur during embryological development of brain and spine • Neurulation : Ectodermal cells form midline neural plate in which folds develop…
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Congenital Pulmonary Airway Malformation (CPAM)
KEY FACTS Imaging • Variable appearance from solid-appearing (microcystic) to complex cystic mass (macrocystic) ○ Macrocystic : 1 or more cysts ≥ 5 mm – May have single large cyst…
Perigestational Hemorrhage
KEY FACTS Terminology • Perigestational hemorrhage (PGH): Hematoma in subchorionic space adjacent to gestational sac (GS) • Subchorionic hematoma is synonymous with PGH Imaging • Hematoma appearance depends on age…
Iliac Arteries and Veins
GROSS ANATOMY Arteries • Abdominal aorta ○ Testicular and ovarian arteries originate below renal arteries ○ Median (middle) sacral artery is small, unpaired branch from posterior aspect of distal aorta…
Reactive Adenopathy
KEY FACTS Imaging • US is ideal imaging modality for initial assessment of enlarged lymph nodes • Unilateral or bilateral • Reactive adenopathy: Absence of intranodal necrosis ○ Hypoechoic cortex…
Carotid Arteries
TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations • Common (CCA), internal (ICA), and external (ECA) carotid arteries; vertebral artery (VA) GROSS ANATOMY Overview • CCA terminates by dividing into ECA and ICA • ECA is…
Thyroid Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma
KEY FACTS Imaging • Thyroid mass in patient with history of Hashimoto thyroiditis (in 40-80%) • Focal lymphomatous mass/nodule ○ Well defined, solid, hypoechoic, heterogeneous, noncalcified, solitary/multiple, unilateral/bilateral • Diffuse…
Bartholin Cyst
KEY FACTS Terminology • Bartholin glands (or greater vestibular glands) are mucus-secreting glands located in vulvar vestibule, just lateral and inferior to vaginal introitus • Occlusion of Bartholin glands resulting…
Submandibular Sialadenitis
KEY FACTS Imaging • Acute sialadenitis, calculous ○ Unilateral, enlarged, hypoechoic, heterogeneous submandibular gland (SMG) ○ Intra-/extraglandular duct dilatation and calculus ○ Tender on transducer pressure ± ↑ in vascularity…
Aqueductal Stenosis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Narrowing/occlusion at aqueduct of Sylvius (between 3rd and 4th ventricles), causing obstructive hydrocephalus Imaging • Moderate to severe ventricular dilatation (> 15 mm) ○ May be…
