Ventricular Septal Defect
Abstract Ventricular septal defects (VSD) are the most common cardiac defects (25%–30% of newborns), being frequently associated with more complex congenital heart defects (10% of fetuses with cardiac defects). The…
Aortic Stenosis and Aortic Atresia
Abstract Aortic stenosis and atresia encompass a group of congenital heart diseases (CHDs) characterized by left outflow tract obstruction. It accounts for 3% of all CHDs. There is a 15%…
Micrognathia and Retrognathia
Abstract Both retrognathia and micrognathia are facial deformations related to the development or position of the fetal mandible. The former is characterized by an abnormal position in relation to the…
Facial Dysmorphism
Abstract Facial dysmorphism includes all abnormalities of facial features that are usually associated with syndromic conditions. The objectives of this chapter are first to describe the systematic evaluation of the…
Cleft Lip and Palate
Abstract Orofacial clefts (CLPs) are the most common craniofacial anomaly. CLPs can be classified according to their location as unilateral, bilateral, or medial. The location of the defect is important…
Congenital High Airways Obstruction Syndrome (CHAOS) and Bronchial Atresia
Abstract Congenital high airway obstruction syndrome (CHAOS) is a rare congenital anomaly consisting of complete intrinsic obstruction of the fetal upper airway, usually located at the level of the larynx…
Cystic Hygroma
Abstract Cystic hygroma is the most frequent fetal neck mass in first-trimester ultrasound (US). It consists of fluid-filled posterior or posterolateral cavities in the neck. The overall prognosis is poor…
Clubfoot (Talipes Equinovarus) and Clenched Hands
Abstract Congenital contractures are common in the newborn and can include single location contractures that include clubfeet, hip dislocations, and multiple congenital contractures (MCC). Talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot, is an…
Orbital Defects: Hypertelorism and Hypotelorism
Abstract Orbital defects are rarely diagnosed in the fetus. However, these anomalies are highly associated with chromosomal and nonchromosomal defects. This chapter aims to describe the systematic evaluation of fetal…
Choanal Atresia
Abstract Choanal atresia is a congenital obstruction of the posterior nasal apertures. It is a very rare condition usually associated with syndromes and diagnosed postnatally. Prenatal diagnosis is very difficult,…
