Germinal Matrix Hemorrhage
KEY FACTS Imaging • Germinal matrix hemorrhage (GMH) most common at caudothalamic (CT) groove in vascular germinal matrix • Grading system ○ Grade 1 : GMH only with globular echogenic…
VACTERL Association
KEY FACTS Imaging • Nonrandom association of 6 core abnormalities ○ V ertebral defects – Hemivertebrae: Best demonstrated in coronal plane, scoliosis originates at hemivertebra(e) – Fusion of vertebral bodies…
Amniotic Band Syndrome
KEY FACTS Terminology • Controversial as to etiology, but simplest concept is entrapment of fetal parts by disrupted amnion Imaging • Asymmetric distribution of bizarre “slash” defects is hallmark of…
Trisomy 21
KEY FACTS Imaging • 1st-trimester findings (11- to 14-week scan) ○ ↑ nuchal translucency: ↑ fluid behind neck on midsagittal view ○ Absent nasal bone ○ Abnormal ductus venosus and…
Marginal and Velamentous Cord Insertion
KEY FACTS Terminology • Marginal cord insertion (MCI) ○ Umbilical cord inserts within 2 cm of placenta edge • Velamentous cord insertion (VCI) ○ Umbilical cord inserts on membranes Imaging…
Parameters of Fetal Well-Being
KEY FACTS Imaging • Biophysical profile (BPP) score : 0 or 2 points for 4 parameters in 30 min; numbers added for BPP score: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 out…
Cervical Insufficiency/Short Cervix
KEY FACTS Terminology • Cervical insufficiency is clinical diagnosis: Inability of cervix to retain pregnancy in absence of contractions or labor • Short cervix is sonographic observation: Cervical length (CL)…
Vasa Previa
KEY FACTS Terminology • Vasa previa (VP): Umbilical (fetal) vessels under membranes < 2 cm from internal os Imaging • 90% associated with low-lying placenta • Can occur in 2…
Twin Reversed Arterial Perfusion
KEY FACTS Terminology • Anomalous twin [twin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) twin] perfused by deoxygenated blood from pump twin • Blood enters fetus via umbilical artery (UA) ○ Reversed perfusion…
Morbidly Adherent Placenta
KEY FACTS Terminology • Extension of placental tissue beyond endometrial lining • Described as morbidly adherent placenta (MAP), placental adhesive disorder, and abnormally invasive placenta • Pathology subtypes of placenta…
