Embryology of the Cardiovascular System
Congenital heart disease (CHD) can broadly be thought of as what happens when normal heart development goes awry. Although the range of defects may seem endless, there are limitations. Pathologists,…
CARDIOVASCULAR IMAGING
The Fetal Circulation
Introduction We begin our examination of the normal fetal circulation with a description of the anatomical pathways involved ( Figure 1-1 ). Figure 1-1 The fetal circulation demonstrating flow pathways…
Abdominal Aorta and Branches
The abdominal aorta and its primary branches are involved in many diseases and conditions that affect large and medium-sized arteries. Traditional evaluation of the abdominal aorta relied on catheter aortography;…
Valves: Echocardiography
Aortic Valve The normal aortic valve has three cusps: the right, left, and noncoronary cusps ( Fig. 34-1 , A and B ). A bicuspid aortic valve occurs in 2%…
Valves: Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Echocardiography is the primary imaging method for the evaluation of patients suspected of having valvular dysfunction because this modality is relatively inexpensive, fast, and available in most hospitals. Its temporal…
Vascular Anomalies
The current classification of vascular anomalies into vascular tumors and vascular malformations and their subtypes has been used by the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) since…
Deep Venous Thrombosis
Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an important worldwide clinical entity. It includes asymptomatic deep venous thrombosis (DVT), symptomatic DVT, and pulmonary embolism (PE). Each year, DVT and PE affect 1 to…
Upper Extremity Arteries
Upper extremity arteries are affected by a myriad of vascular disorders. Atherosclerosis is the most common arterial disease, but other conditions, such as vasculitis, chronic repetitive traumatic injuries, and trauma,…
Carotid and Vertebral Arteries
Noninvasive imaging of the carotid and vertebral arteries is achieved with duplex ultrasonography, computed tomography angiography (CTA), and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). This chapter focuses on pearls and pitfalls of…
Pulmonary Veins, Atria, and Atrial Appendage
The pulmonary veins and atria are affected by a variety of congenital and acquired abnormalities. Echocardiography is often the initial modality used in the evaluation of atria and atrial appendages….
