Fig. 8.1 Illustration of an x-ray source with a detector array Scans were acquired in a “step and shoot” mode in which 35–40 continuous gapless slices of 1–3 mm thickness…

Fig. 7.1 Angiographic underestimation of disease. Although angiogram (top) shows only minor luminal irregularities, two sites in the left anterior descending artery (arrows) show major atherosclerosis (below). The entire vessel…

Fig. 6.1 Cardiac catheterization lab equipment. X-rays are emitted from the source and travel through the patient to the image intensifier (Reproduced with permission of Elsevier from Libby et al….

Fig. 4.1 Prevalence of cardiovascular disease by age and sex in adults age 20 and older: NHANES 2003–2006 (Source: NCHS and NHLBI. These data include CHD, HF, stroke, and hypertension…

Fig. 5.1 Anatomy of the carotid artery Frequency and Severity: Contour of the bruit, especially in the <200 Hertz (Hz) frequency range, is poorly predictive of degree of stenosis [6,…

Fig. 10.1 Hematoxylin and eosin staining of the arterial wall illustrating distinct histological layers of the intima (red arrow) and media (green arrow). The intima-media thickness, measured via ultrasound, is…

Fig. 3.1 Cardiovascular disease and other major causes of death for all males and females in the United States in 2006 (Source for data: NCHS and NHLBI. Reproduced with permission…

Fig. 2.1 Potential pathways and mechanisms for cigarette smoking-mediated cardiovascular dysfunction. The bold boxes and arrows in the flow diagram represent the probable central mechanisms in the complex pathophysiology of…

Fig. 13.1 A positron and electron within close proximity within the atom of Fluroine-18 labeled deoxyglucose (18FDG) interact and are “annihilated,” resulting in the production of two gamma rays (photons),…

, Jacob Stephen2, Miranda C. A. Kramer3, Elena R. Ladich1, Frank D. Kolodgie1 and Renu Virmani1 (1) CVPath Institute, Inc., Gaithersburg, MD, USA (2) Department of Cardiology/Medicine, William Beaumont Army Medical Center, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences,…