Optical tracking Electromagnetic tracking Advantages • Accuracy ~1–0.1 mm • Does not depend on objects in its environment • Large range (several meters) • Wireless position markers • Can track without…

Fig. 1 Illustration of beamline passage through multiple tissue layers and resultant superposed anatomic structures. Images from a radiographic series of the lumbar spine a frontal view, b lateral view, c…

Fig. 1 On the left and middle panels, bi-planar radiographs are shown. Radiographs are sometimes used in planning spine surgeries with complex patient morphology. On the right, an axial image from…

Fig. 1 Trabecular bone specimens of T10 from a normal (a) and an osteoporotic (b) subject. 3D reconstructions of micro-CT scans with a spatial resolution of 26 µm³. Note the bone loss…

Fig. 1 Plain radiograph of a normal lumbar spine and of lumbar spondylosis. a Lateral view of a normal lumbar spine. b Anteroposterior view of a normal lumbar spine. c Lateral…

Fig. 1 The role of robots in surgery: a robotic device is an accurate, intelligent intermediary between the surgeon’s intent and action of the surgical instruments on the patient. Both telesurgical…