Estimates on incidence of various types of congenital heart defects among live births. Modified box plots to show variability of the incidence per million live births of various forms of congenital heart disease. The rectangle shows the upper and lower quartiles, and the horizontal line in the middle is the median. The two short horizontal lines connected to the rectangle by thin vertical lines indicate the 90th and 10th percentiles, and data points outside these limits are shown individually. Each panel has a different vertical scale that on the top panel being ten times larger than that on the bottom panel. (Top) The four major left-to-right shunts (ventricular septal defect VSD, patent ductus arteriosus PDA, atrial septal defect ASD, atrioventricular septal defect AVSD) and the three major obstructive lesions (pulmonic stenosis PS, aortic stenosis AS, coarctation of the aorta coarctation). (Bottom) Tetralogy of Fallot (tetralogy); complete transposition of the great arteries (d-TGA); hypoplastic right heart HRH, which includes tricuspid atresia, Ebstein’s anomaly, and pulmonary atresia with an intact ventricular septum (pulmonary atresia IVS), hypoplastic left heart HLH, truncus arteriosus truncus, double outlet right ventricle DORV, single ventricle SV, total anomalous pulmonary venous connection TAPVC. The three components of the HRH syndrome do not add up to the total, because not all reports included all three (From Hoffman and Kaplan [13] with permission)