Gas-Filled Detectors
Fig. 7.1 A schematic diagram of a gas-filled detector illustrating the principles of operation At very low voltages, the ion pairs do not receive enough acceleration to reach the electrodes…
Digital Computers in Nuclear Medicine
Fig. 11.1 Basic components of a computer The signals, i.e., electrical pulses from a scintillation camera, are obtained in analog form and are digitized by the digital computers for further…
Radiation Regulations and Protection
Fig. 16.1 Various radiation caution signs and labels Caution: Radiation Area. This sign must be posted in radiation areas. Caution: High Radiation Area or Danger: High-Radiation Area . This sign…
Gamma Cameras
Fig. 9.1 A schematic diagram of a gamma camera. PHA pulse-height analyzer; PM photomultiplier Fig. 9.2 A typical single-head gamma camera. (Courtesy of Siemens Medical Solutions USA, Inc.) The operational…
The Management of Radioactive Waste in France: What Is the Threat?
French classification of radioactive waste and management solutions (existing or being considered) Half-life Very short-lived Short-lived Long lived Activity level <100 days <30 years >30 years Very low-level waste (VLLW) Waste managed by…
Novel Nuclear Measurements Technologies for Safety and Security
Fig. 20.1 Example hybrid detection system processing, with a large NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors The process of combining the hybrid system spectra first requires separating peak counts from scattered continuum…
Cosmic Ray Generated Charged Particles for Cargo Inspection
Fig. 21.1 Schematic diagram of the scattering and/or stopping of muons and electrons in different materials. Particle scattering and stopping increases as the density and the atomic number of the…
Advanced Concepts in Multi-dimensional Radiation Detection and Imaging
Fig. 17.1 Illustration of electron-tracking based Compton imaging. Without the knowledge of the electron scatter direction, the direction of the incident gamma can only be restricted to a cone surface….
Will the Implementation of Small Modular Reactors Affect Our Response Protocols to Nuclear and Radiological Threats?
Reactors Under Construction in the SMR Category – IAEA 16.3 What Are the Advantages of Small Modular Reactors? (a) LOWER INITIAL COST – The capital investment for a single SMR…
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory’s Contribution to U.S. Preparedness for Nuclear and Radiological Threats
GeMini features a detector made from an ultrapure germanium crystal. Many other substances can be used to detect gamma rays, but germanium offers the best resolution. However, germanium achieves its…
