Recent Advances
For almost 4 decades, computed tomography (CT) has made a remarkable impact on clinical practice. The rapid advances in both CT technology and software have widened the clinical utility of…
Computed Tomography Contrast Media and Principles of Contrast Enhancement
All radiologic contrast media available for intravascular use depend on iodine for their radiopacity. Ideally, contrast media should be inert in every respect. But unlike other therapeutic medications, contrast media…
Tissue Harmonic Imaging and Doppler Ultrasound Imaging
Tissue Harmonic Imaging Technical Aspects Fundamental frequency is the original frequency of the acoustic beam emitted from the transducer. Harmonic wave generation is an acoustic phenomenon. Harmonic waves are integer…
Advanced Ultrasound Techniques: Liver Elastography, Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasonography, and Four-Dimensional Ultrasound
Elastography Principle Physicians have long used the technique of palpation in the clinical setting. The underlying principle of palpation lies in the ability to feel stiffer tissue in the background…
Contrast Media and Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Technical Aspects Contrast agents enhance the visualization of vascular structures as well as pathologic tissues, which appear more prominent against the background of normal tissue. Development of novel contrast agents…
Fluoroscopic Study of the Abdomen and Fluoroscopic Contrast Media
Fluoroscopy is a type of imaging technique in which real-time movements of body organs and radiopaque contrast material are visualized. During a fluoroscopic examination, the operator or radiologist controls the…
Plain Radiography of the Abdomen
Technical Aspects A plain abdominal radiograph must be read with a complete knowledge of the clinical situation. The patient’s history and results of the physical examination and laboratory studies are…
NORMAL TWO- AND THREE-DIMENSIONAL NEUROSONOGRAPHY OF THE PRENATAL BRAIN
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen Key Points Neurosonography of the fetus and the neonate is an informative and noninvasive as well as inexpensive modality that is of great benefit in…
SKELETAL ABNORMALITIES
8.0 INTRODUCTION Print Section Listen DIAGNOSTIC APPROACH TO SUSPECTED SKELETAL DYSPLASIAS The overall incidence of a lethal skeletal dysplasia is 1/10,000. A detailed fetal anatomic survey is required to satisfactorily…
ANOMALIES OF DORSAL INDUCTION
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS Failure of closure of the neural tube during neurulation results in neural tube defects. Neurulation, both primary and secondary, are completed by approximately…
