Exencephaly, Anencephaly
KEY FACTS Terminology • Exencephaly is early manifestation of anencephaly before neural tissue has worn away Imaging • No calvarium with absence of neural tissue above orbits ○ Neural tissue…
Multinodular Goiter
KEY FACTS Imaging • Multiple nodules with bilateral diffuse involvement • Solid nodules most often isoechoic; 5% hypoechoic • Nodules are sharply defined with haloes but may conglomerate • Heterogeneous…
Agenesis of the Corpus Callosum
KEY FACTS Terminology • Complete absence of corpus callosum (CC) • May be partially present but abnormal (dysgenesis) Imaging • Mild ventriculomegaly often 1st clue • Absent cavum septi pellucidi…
Bronchopulmonary Sequestration (BPS)
KEY FACTS Terminology • Bronchopulmonary tissue that does not connect to tracheobronchial tree or pulmonary arteries Imaging • Homogeneously echogenic lesion adjacent to diaphragm ○ Typically triangular and well defined…
Vein of Galen Aneurysmal Malformation
KEY FACTS Terminology • Vein of Galen aneurysmal malformation (VGAM) is deep cerebral arteriovenous fistula Imaging • Elongated midline cystic structure ○ Extends from area behind 3rd ventricle posteriorly toward…
Adrenal Hemorrhage
KEY FACTS Imaging • Unilateral or bilateral, round or oval, well-defined mass • Variable echogenicity depending on stage of hemorrhage • Variable appearance depending on age of hemorrhage • US:…
Sex Cord-Stromal Tumor
KEY FACTS Terminology • Group of ovarian tumors arising from either embryonic sex cords or mesenchyme ○ Fibroma, thecoma, fibrothecoma ○ Granulosa cell tumor ○ Sertoli-Leydig tumor (androblastoma) ○ Sclerosing…
Adrenal Carcinoma
KEY FACTS Terminology • Adrenal carcinoma • Synonyms : Adrenocortical carcinoma; adrenal cancer • Definition : Rare, aggressive tumor arising from adrenal cortex, often with local invasion and distant metastases…
Complete Hydatidiform Mole
KEY FACTS Terminology • Trophoblastic proliferation without fetus Imaging • Classic 2nd-trimester findings described as “Swiss cheese” or “cluster of grapes” endometrium ○ No fetus or embryo ○ Increased vascularity…
Carotid Artery Dissection in Neck
KEY FACTS Terminology • Carotid artery dissection (CAD): Tear in carotid artery wall allows blood to enter and delaminate wall layers Imaging • Extracranial internal CAD (ICAD) > > intracranial…
