Renal Artery Stenosis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Hemodynamically significant narrowing of renal artery (RA) Imaging • Poststenotic “jet” and turbulent flow on color Doppler ○ Abnormally high peak systolic velocity with angle-corrected spectral…
Emphysematous Pyelonephritis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Gas-forming upper UTI involving renal parenchyma &/or perinephric space Imaging • Highly echogenic areas within renal sinus and parenchyma with “dirty” shadowing • Ring-down artifacts: Air…
Acute Acalculous Cholecystitis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Acute necroinflammatory disease of gallbladder (GB) secondary to stasis and ischemia, not related to gallstones Imaging • GB wall thickening (> 4 mm) with layered/striated wall…
Renal Ectopia
KEY FACTS Terminology • Aberrant location of kidney • Separated into multiple categories, of which simple renal ectopia (RE) and crossed-fused ectopia (CFE) are most common Imaging • Absence of…
Splenic Tumors
KEY FACTS Imaging • All tumors (benign and malignant) can have variable appearances, a lot of overlap by US • Benign tumors ○ Hemangioma: #1 benign splenic tumor; typically small,…
Ureters and Bladder
GROSS ANATOMY Ureters • Muscular tubes (25-30 cm long) that carry urine from kidneys to bladder • Course ○ In abdomen, retroperitoneal location – Proximal ureters lie in perirenal space…
Choledocholithiasis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Cholangiolithiasis, hepatolithiasis, biliary calculi, common bile duct (CBD) stones Imaging • Most stones are highly echogenic with posterior acoustic shadowing ○ Ultrasound is 1st-line imaging modality…
Renal Abscess
KEY FACTS Terminology • Purulent &/or necrotic intraparenchymal or perinephric collection arising from unresolved pyelonephritis Imaging • Complex cystic mass, may be sharply marginated or more permeative • Rim may…
Cholangiocarcinoma
KEY FACTS Terminology • Malignancy arising from intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) or extrahepatic bile duct epithelium Imaging • Best diagnostic clue: Intra- or extrahepatic bile duct mass with upstream bile duct…
Renal Lymphoma
KEY FACTS Terminology • Primary: Involvement of kidneys without evidence of other organ or nodal involvement; extremely rare: < 1% • Secondary: Dissemination of extrarenal lymphoma; more common Imaging •…
