Ureters and Bladder
GROSS ANATOMY Ureters • Muscular tubes (25-30 cm long) that carry urine from kidneys to bladder • Course ○ In abdomen, retroperitoneal location – Proximal ureters lie in perirenal space…
Choledocholithiasis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Cholangiolithiasis, hepatolithiasis, biliary calculi, common bile duct (CBD) stones Imaging • Most stones are highly echogenic with posterior acoustic shadowing ○ Ultrasound is 1st-line imaging modality…
Renal Abscess
KEY FACTS Terminology • Purulent &/or necrotic intraparenchymal or perinephric collection arising from unresolved pyelonephritis Imaging • Complex cystic mass, may be sharply marginated or more permeative • Rim may…
Cholangiocarcinoma
KEY FACTS Terminology • Malignancy arising from intrahepatic bile duct (IHBD) or extrahepatic bile duct epithelium Imaging • Best diagnostic clue: Intra- or extrahepatic bile duct mass with upstream bile duct…
Renal Lymphoma
KEY FACTS Terminology • Primary: Involvement of kidneys without evidence of other organ or nodal involvement; extremely rare: < 1% • Secondary: Dissemination of extrarenal lymphoma; more common Imaging •…
Acute Pyelonephritis
KEY FACTS Imaging • Findings of acute pyelonephritis (AP) are almost always asymmetric • Renal enlargement with loss of corticomedullary differentiation • Geographic areas of altered echogenicity • Urothelial thickening…
Renal Junctional Line
KEY FACTS Terminology • Definition ○ Defect or line representing incomplete embryologic fusion of 2 primary renal lobes: Upper and lower poles of kidney • Synonyms ○ Junctional parenchymal defect…
Renal Artery Stenosis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Hemodynamically significant narrowing of renal artery (RA) Imaging • Poststenotic “jet” and turbulent flow on color Doppler ○ Abnormally high peak systolic velocity with angle-corrected spectral…
Tuberculosis, Urinary Tract
KEY FACTS Terminology • Urinary tract infection by mycobacterium tuberculosis via hematogenous spread from primary focus, usually lungs Imaging • Depends on stage of disease; may range from caliectasis, abscess,…
