Neuroimaging is crucial for evaluating the craniocervical junction (CCJ), where pathologies are categorized into traumatic and nontraumatic. While traumatic conditions are more prevalent, nontraumatic abnormalities, though less common, carry significant…
Degenerative joint disease (DJD) of the lumbar spine represents a complex pathologic process influenced by mechanical stress, structural degeneration, and inflammatory changes rather than normal aging. Imaging features of lumbar…
Anterior Abdominal Wall FASCIAL LAYERS There are two layers of superficial fascia on the abdominal wall; a loose areolar fatty layer named Camper’s fascia, and deep to this a fibrous…
The thorax is the portion of the trunk that lies between the lower neck and the upper abdomen. It is made up of the chest wall (the thoracic cage and…
The Skull and Facial Bones The skull consists of the calvarium, facial bones and mandible. The calvarium is the brain case and comprises the skull vault and skull base. The…
The Bones of the Lower Limb THE FEMUR ( Fig. 8.1 ) The femur is the longest and the strongest bone of the body. It has a head, neck, shaft…
The Bony Pelvis, Muscles and Ligaments The pelvis ( Fig. 6.1 ) is a bony ring consisting of paired innominate bones , the sacrum and coccyx . The innominate bones…
The Bones of the Upper Limb THE SCAPULA ( Figs. 7.1, 7.2 ) This flat triangular bone has three processes: ■ The glenoid process, which is separated from the remainder…
Cerebral Hemispheres The cerebral hemispheres fill the cranial vault above the tentorium cerebelli. Right and left hemispheres are partly separated by the interhemispheric fissure. There are several white matter tracts…
The Vertebral Column The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused) and 4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. The spine of the fetus is…
