Abstract Vasa previa occurs when the umbilical vessels course through the membranes within the lower uterine segment over the internal cervical os. There are several known risk factor, including a…

Abstract Macrosomia describes a fetus or neonate with excessive growth. Many factors can influence why macrosomia occurs. Regardless of the etiology, this condition represents increased risk to the mother and…

Abstract Limb–body wall complex (LBWC) refers to a combination of multiple malformations involving the craniofacial structures, thoracoabdominal wall, extremities, and spine. The classic clinical triad of LBWC includes a craniofacial…

Abstract Gestational trophoblastic disease refers to a spectrum of disorders that results from abnormal proliferation of the trophoblastic epithelium. These include premalignant disorders (hydatidiform moles) and malignant ones (persistent/invasive gestational…

Abstract Placenta circumvallate refers to a placental abnormality in which the membranous chorion transitions to a villous chorion in from the placental edges. The prevalence varies due to a lack…

Abstract Cysts of the umbilical cord have been reported in all trimesters. The clinical significance and prognosis of cord cysts vary depending on the gestational age at diagnosis, persistence of…

Abstract The rising rates of cesarean delivery in recent years have led to an increase in the diagnosis of placenta accreta, increta, and percreta. A high index of suspicion and…

Abstract Fetal arrhythmias are defined as any abnormality in heart rhythm, including heart rates less than 100 beats/min (bradyarrhythmia) or greater than 180 beats/min (tachyarrhythmia) or any irregularity (mainly ectopic…

Abstract Amniotic band sequence (ABS) refers to a set of highly variable congenital anomalies involving multiple structures, all of which are caused by amniotic bands that adhere, entangle, and disrupt…