Hydrosalpinx
KEY FACTS Imaging • Thin-walled, distended tube; tube wall < 3 mm • Convoluted or S-shaped, oval or pear-shaped, more dilated at fimbriated end • Separate from uterus and ovaries…
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Malignant Cervical Lymph Nodes
KEY FACTS Imaging • Location: Levels I-VI • Head and neck squamous cell cancers: Most common in upper neck, at level II • Thyroid cancers: Most common at levels VI,…
Anaplastic Thyroid Carcinoma
KEY FACTS Imaging • Ill-defined, hypoechoic tumor diffusely involving entire lobe or gland, often invading adjacent structures • Background of multinodular goiter or differentiated thyroid cancer • Typically > 5…
Muscle Injury
KEY FACTS Terminology • Mechanisms of injury ○ Overuse: Strenuous exercise results in diffuse muscular edema ○ Stretch: Causes torn muscle fibers + hematoma ○ Direct: Usually blunt trauma causes…
Vertebral Stenosis/Occlusion
KEY FACTS Imaging • Plaque formation: Proximal vertebral artery (VA) > distal VA • Grayscale imaging ○ Chronic occlusion: Contracted vessel caliber; VA may be hard to demonstrate • Spectral…
Intracranial Hemorrhage and Encephalomalacia
KEY FACTS Terminology • Encephalomalacia : Brain ischemia or inflammation • Porencephaly : Focal destruction of brain tissue • Hydranencephaly : Complete destruction of cerebral hemispheres Imaging • Intracranial bleeding…
Dandy-Walker Malformation
KEY FACTS Terminology • Classic Dandy-Walker malformation ○ Cerebellar vermis is completely or partially absent ○ Cystic dilatation of 4th ventricle (4V) ○ Enlarged posterior fossa with elevated tentorium –…
Aorta and Inferior Vena Cava
TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations • Inferior vena cava (IVC) Definitions • “Proximal” and “distal” in arterial and venous systems apply to position of arterial and venous segment in relation to heart (rather…
Atrioventricular Septal Defect
KEY FACTS Terminology • Central cardiac defect involving atrial (ASD) and ventricular (VSD) septal defects, atrioventricular (AV) valves, and conducting system ○ Balanced : Right and left ventricles are equal…
Intussusception
KEY FACTS Terminology • Invagination or telescoping of 1 segment of gastrointestinal tract and its mesentery (intussusceptum) into lumen of adjacent distal segment (intussuscipiens) Imaging • Bowel within bowel appearance:…
