First Trimester
EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY Key Embryological Events • Multiple events occur in 1st trimester ○ Ovulation with resultant corpus luteum in ovary ○ Fertilization of ovum → zygote ○ Zygote cleavage…
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Leg Muscles
TERMINOLOGY Synonyms • Lower leg; calf GROSS ANATOMY Osseous Anatomy • Tibia ○ Proximal tibiofibular joint – Head of fibula and lateral condyle tibia joined by synovial-lined fibrous capsule –…
Face and Neck
EMBRYOLOGY AND ANATOMY Overview • For patient, her family, and her support system, imaging of fetal face is one of most anticipated parts of ultrasound exam ○ Studies have shown…
Graves Disease
KEY FACTS Terminology • Autoimmune disorder with long-acting, thyroid-stimulating antibodies producing hyperplasia and hypertrophy of thyroid Imaging • Mild/moderate diffuse, symmetric enlargement of thyroid gland, including isthmus • Hypoechoic, heterogeneous,…
Ureterocele
KEY FACTS Terminology • Cystic, balloon-like dilatation of intramural portion of distal ureter bulging into bladder • Orthotopic ureterocele (less common) : Normal insertion at trigone and otherwise normal ureter…
Varicose Veins/Incompetent Perforator
KEY FACTS Terminology • Chronic venous insufficiency refers to venous valvular incompetence in superficial, deep, and perforating veins • Venous reflux that persists for longer than 0.5 s at any…
Arachnoid Cyst
KEY FACTS Terminology • Cerebrospinal fluid collection enclosed within layers of arachnoid membrane (i.e., extraaxial location inside skull but outside brain) Imaging • Usually single, extraaxial, thin walled, smoothly marginated,…
Appendicitis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Acute inflammation of appendix, which may be precipitated by obstruction of lumen Imaging • Blind-ended, aperistaltic, thick-walled tubular structure with gut signature • Length ranges between…
Neck Veins
TERMINOLOGY Abbreviations • Internal jugular vein (IJV) • External jugular vein (EJV) • Retromandibular vein (RMV) GROSS ANATOMY Overview • Major extracranial venous system composed of facial veins, neck veins,…
Upper Tract Urothelial Carcinoma
KEY FACTS Terminology • Malignant tumor of transitional epithelium extending from calyces to ureteral orifices • a.k.a. transitional cell carcinoma Imaging • Hypoechoic infiltrative tumor in renal pelvis or ureter…
