Renal Metastases
KEY FACTS Imaging • Usually small and round, may be wedge-shaped • Usually cortical; rarely disrupting renal contour or capsule ○ Large, exophytic metastases may be encountered • Hypoechoic, hyperechoic,…
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Testicular Microlithiasis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Testicular microlithiasis (TML): Presence of 5 or more microliths or microcalcifications in whole testis or 5 or more microliths per field of view • Limited TML:…
Testicular Lymphoma/Leukemia
KEY FACTS Terminology • Infiltrative neoplasm of testis in which tumor cells surround and compress seminiferous tubules and normal testicular vessels Imaging • Bilateral, solid, hypoechoic, hypervascular nodules/masses • Diffuse…
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Chronic renal inflammation usually associated with longstanding urinary calculus obstruction (75%) • Renal parenchyma is gradually replaced by lipid-laden macrophages • Diffuse (> 80%) and focal…
Gallbladder Carcinoma
KEY FACTS Imaging • US for initial detection and characterization, CECT or MR for preoperative assessment and staging • 3 main morphological types ○ Large soft tissue mass infiltrating gallbladder…
Acute Calculous Cholecystitis
KEY FACTS Terminology • Acute inflammation of gallbladder (GB) secondary to calculus obstructing cystic duct Imaging • US 1st-line imaging test • Distended GB (> 5 cm transverse diameter) with…
Delayed Renal Graft Function
KEY FACTS Terminology • Need for dialysis or failure of serum creatinine to halve in 1st week after transplantation Imaging • Clinical diagnosis with no specific imaging findings • Renal…
Renal Transplant Hydronephrosis
KEY FACTS Imaging • Dilated renal pelvis and calyces ± dilated ureter • Distended bladder may cause functional obstruction or reflux resulting in hydronephrosis • Low-level echoes within lumen suggest…
Adrenal Glands
GROSS ANATOMY Overview • Adrenal (suprarenal) glands are part of both endocrine and nervous systems • Lie within perirenal space, bounded by perirenal (Gerota) fascia • Right adrenal is more…
Abdominal Lymph Nodes
GROSS ANATOMY Overview • Major lymphatic vessels and nodal chains lie along major blood vessels (aorta, inferior vena cava, iliac) • Lymph nodes carry same name as vessel they accompany…
