Renal Vascular Diseases
Renovascular Hypertension Etiology The most common cause of renovascular hypertension is renal artery stenosis, which may be caused by atherosclerosis (70% to 90%) or less commonly by fibromuscular dysplasia (10%…
Penile Trauma and Miscellaneous Penile Lesions
Etiology Penile lesions can be categorized by cause ( Box 76-1 ). Box 76-1 Penile Pathologic Processes • Trauma • Blunt trauma • Penetrating or sharp trauma • Acute bending…
Erectile Dysfunction
Etiology Erectile dysfunction manifests clinically most commonly as impotence and less commonly as priapism. The causes of impotence can be psychogenic, endocrinologic, neurogenic, anatomic, infectious, pharmacologic, or vasogenic. Vasogenic causes…
Focal Splenic Lesions
Splenic Cysts Non-Neoplastic and Nonparasitic Splenic Cysts Etiology Non-neoplastic and nonparasitic splenic cysts are classified into primary (i.e., epithelial, true) and secondary (i.e., pseudocysts, false) cysts, depending on the presence…
Benign and Malignant Bladder Lesions
The urinary bladder is composed of the following four layers: 1. Urothelium: Transitional epithelium 2. Lamina propria: Vascular layer of connective tissue deep to the urothelium 3. Muscularis propria: Detrusor…
Enlarged Adrenal Glands
Recent technical advances in computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have resulted in improved detection of subtle changes in adrenal gland morphology. The different morphologic patterns of adrenal…
Miscellaneous Pancreatitis
Autoimmune Pancreatitis Etiology Autoimmune pancreatitis (AIP) is a peculiar form of chronic pancreatitis characterized by a fibroinflammatory process involving multiple organs with characteristic histopathologic and serologic features, association with other…
Benign and Malignant Ureteral Strictures
A ureteral stricture is a narrowing of the ureter that results in a functional obstruction. It may be the result of a variety of benign and malignant causes, which may…
Focal Gallbladder Wall Thickening
Focal gallbladder wall thickening is often an imaging diagnosis and encompasses a wide variety of differential diagnoses. Polypoid lesions of the gallbladder form an important group of conditions that are…
Imaging of the Kidneys and Urinary Tract
Anatomy Overview The Kidney The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that primarily function in the excretion of metabolic waste. They are bean shaped with a convex lateral border and a…
