Head and Neck
The Skull and Facial Bones The skull consists of the calvarium, facial bones and mandible. The calvarium is the brain case and comprises the skull vault and skull base. The…
The Lower Limb
The Bones of the Lower Limb THE FEMUR ( Fig. 8.1 ) The femur is the longest and the strongest bone of the body. It has a head, neck, shaft…
The Pelvis
The Bony Pelvis, Muscles and Ligaments The pelvis ( Fig. 6.1 ) is a bony ring consisting of paired innominate bones , the sacrum and coccyx . The innominate bones…
The Upper Limb
The Bones of the Upper Limb THE SCAPULA ( Figs. 7.1, 7.2 ) This flat triangular bone has three processes: ■ The glenoid process, which is separated from the remainder…
The Central Nervous System
Cerebral Hemispheres The cerebral hemispheres fill the cranial vault above the tentorium cerebelli. Right and left hemispheres are partly separated by the interhemispheric fissure. There are several white matter tracts…
The Spinal Column and Its Contents
The Vertebral Column The vertebral column has 33 vertebrae – 7 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral (fused) and 4 coccygeal (fused) vertebrae. The spine of the fetus is…
The Breast
General Anatomy The breast ( Fig. 9.1 ) overlies the second to sixth ribs on the anterior chest wall. It is hemispherical with an axillary tail (of Spence) and consists…
Chorionicity and Amnionicity in Twins
KEY FACTS Terminology • 70% dizygotic : 2 ova fertilized by different sperm; therefore, all are dichorionic • 30% monozygotic : Single ovum fertilized by single sperm, which then divides…
Trisomy 13
KEY FACTS Imaging • Holoprosencephaly is hallmark anomaly ○ Spectrum of severity: Alobar, semilobar, lobar ○ Associated facial anomalies – Close-set orbits (hypotelorism), fused eyes (cyclopia) – Small nose, proboscis…
