Suggested Readings 1. Fetal Circulation Carlson BM. The cardiovascular system. In Human embryology and developmental biology. St. Louis: Mosby. 1994:372–406. Corliss CE. The circulatory system. In Patten’s human embryology. Elements…
Lymphatic System of the Abdomen and Pelvis There are three main groups of lumbar lymph nodes: the preaortic, lateral aortic (right and left), and retroaortic. The preaortic receives drainage from…
Lymphatic System of the Lower Extremity The superficial lymphatic vessels drain the superficial tissues, beginning in lymphatic plexuses beneath the skin. The foot is drained by a group of larger…
Heart and Coronary Arteries The heart is an organ that is asymmetrically situated in the mediastinum. It is protected by a mesodermal derived structure, the pericardial sac, consisting of two…
Arteries of the Pelvis The right and left iliac arteries have been described as the terminal branches of the abdominal aorta (Fig. 19.1). The abdominal aorta bifurcates at the level…
Arteries of the Upper Extremity This artery arises from the brachiocephalic trunk at the right side, from the division of the brachiocephalic trunk (part I), behind the right sternoclavicular joint…
Veins of the Upper Extremity There are two groups of veins in the upper limb, the superficial and deep venous systems, with free anastomoses between them. The superficial veins are…
Lymphatic Drainage of the Upper Extremity The lymphatic drainage of the deep tissues of the upper limb follows the main neurovascular bundles ending in the lateral axillary lymph nodes. Lymphatic…
Cardiac Veins The human heart has three systems of veins: the left ventricular, the right ventricular, and the thebesian veins. These are separate but intercommunicating systems. The left ventricular system…
Veins of the Thorax Brachiocephalic veins, also called innominate veins, are large veins at the upper thorax and represent united trunks of the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins. There…
