10. Opportunistic renal infections in HIV AIDS is an immunocompromised state and affected individuals are more prone for infections. The clinical course of AIDS is characterized by recurrent infections by…

10.5: Embryology of the urinary tract Amit Kumar Kamble, Abhinav Ranwaka Introduction The urinary system has a complex embryological development, and the function is performed by multiple different embryonic structures…

9.23: Abdominal trauma Anirudh Kohli Introduction Blunt abdominal trauma resulting from sudden deceleration or direct impact remains one of the commoner causes of death and disability in young/middle-aged adults. Severe…

6. Approach to unilateral small kidney The frequency of unilateral small kidneys has been found to be about 1 in 500 autopsies. It may be an incidental finding on imaging…

7.14: Imaging and interventions in abdominal trauma Amandeep Singh Introduction Trauma is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Blunt abdominal trauma accounts for 5% of trauma-related mortality…

7. Renal malakoplakia Introduction Malakoplakia is a chronic granulomatous multisystemic disease characterized by the presence of one or more white plaques in various organs of the body, preceded by chronic…

7. Benign biliary strictures and bile leaks The aetiologies for BBS include iatrogenic, autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory and congenital causes. The most common cause is an iatrogenic stricture developing after cholecystectomy…