Nonvascular Findings Encountered During Venous Sonography
Introduction It is not unusual to encounter incidental findings during the course of a venous examination. Some of these findings may be the cause of extremity pain or swelling apart…
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Assessment of Upper Extremity Arterial Disease
Introduction The upper extremity arterial system requires a different diagnostic approach than that used in the lower extremity. Although progression of focal atherosclerosis or acute arterial emboli are almost always…
Risk Factors and the Role of Ultrasound in the Management of Extremity Venous Disease
Key Wordsdeep vein thrombosis, clinical management, algorithms, deep venous thrombosis risk assessment, imaging protocols Introduction Duplex sonography can effectively diagnose the presence of acute and chronic venous thrombosis in…
Ultrasound Assessment of Lower Extremity Arteries
Introduction Noninvasive testing for lower extremity arterial disease provides objective information that can be combined with the clinical history and physical examination to serve as the basis for decisions regarding…
Ultrasound Evaluation Before and After Hemodialysis Access
Introduction Doppler ultrasound is extremely useful in the evaluation of the many problems facing the hemodialysis patient. It is a noninvasive technique that demonstrates vascular detail without the risk of…
Physiologic Testing of Lower Extremity Arterial Disease
Introduction Atherosclerosis of the peripheral arteries is recognized as a major cause of death and disability. It has been estimated that at least 8 million people in the United States…
Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Extremity Arteries
Introduction A solid familiarity of the anatomy of the upper and lower extremity arteries is required for the evaluation of arterial disease. This chapter provides an overview of the upper…
Principles and Instruments of Ultrasonography
Introduction This chapter serves as an introduction to the physical and technical aspects of vascular sonography, including the following: (1) ultrasound principles, (2) transducers, (3) instruments, (4) advanced features, and…
Doppler Flow Imaging and Spectral Analysis
Introduction In this chapter, we review the concepts and principles necessary for understanding and interpreting color Doppler images and pulsed Doppler waveforms and discuss the key elements needed for the…
The Hemodynamics of Vascular Disease
Overview The human circulatory system is extremely complex. Blood flow is influenced by many factors: 1. The heart influences the strength and amount of ejected blood. 2. The elastic arteries…
