Introduction The evaluation of spinal pathologies is dependent upon careful history, clinical examination, and appropriate full-length spine radiographs. Appropriate full-length spine radiographs should be obtained when evaluating a patient for…
Conflicts of Interest The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding the publication of this paper. Introduction There are multiple imaging modalities to evaluate the spine. The type of imaging…
Introduction Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is an essential modality in evaluating the ligamentous and soft tissue elements of the upper cervical spine. This region has horizontally oriented facets and no…
Introduction Imaging methods of the spine have greatly expanded since the advent of X-rays for the use of plain radiographs (c.1895), providing anatomical clarity for diagnosis and treatment of the…
Introduction The upper cervical spine contains the craniocervical junction (CCJ), the atlas or C1, and the axis or C2. A large proportion of overall cervical motion comes from the upper…
Source of Funding The authors received no outside funding for the work presented in this chapter. Conflict of Interest The authors have no conflicts of interest related to the subject…
