Imaging with x-ray, MRI and ultrasound

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Introduction X-ray imaging     Overview of x-ray imaging process      Production of x-rays for imaging      Information from absorption/scattering         Differential attenuation in the primary beam         Contrast media         Scatter as unwanted background         Anti-scatter grid …

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Introduction

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1]. It is relatively cheap, safe, gives real time images and has good soft tissue contrast. As well as anatomical detail, ultrasound can exploit the Doppler effect to give information…

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measures

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Protective measures There are a number of protective measures that may be employed, either singularly or, more commonly, in combination to reduce or limit the amount of radiation personnel are…

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requirements

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Legislative requirements Until 1985, there were no legislative requirements specifically relating to the use of radiation in place within the UK. The use of radiation in medicine was relatively well…

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descriptors

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Chapter 2. Two other quantities are relevant when discussing radiation protection matters, these are equivalent dose and effective dose which have the units of Sieverts to indicate a change in…

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Introduction

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Chapter 17 of this book, and are summarized in the following section. As there are known risks of radiation exposure, levels of acceptable risk have been specified by international expert…

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Radiation protection

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Introduction Biological effects of radiation     Stochastic hereditary effects      Stochastic somatic effects      Non-stochastic somatic effects  Dose descriptors     Equivalent dose      Effective dose  Background radiation Legislative requirements     The Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999 [3] …

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radiation detectors

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Other radiation detectors The ionization chambers previously described may be used to detect and measure both photons and charged particles, provided that the radiation can penetrate the wall or entrance…

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chamber corrections

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Ionization chamber corrections Whenever instruments that are based upon collection of ions produced in air are used to determine absorbed dose, a number of factors in addition to the calibration…

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