Radiology Key

Veins of the Thorax Brachiocephalic veins, also called innominate veins, are large veins at the upper thorax and represent united trunks of the internal jugular veins and subclavian veins. There…

Pulmonary Venous Circulation The pulmonary veins arise from the capillaries of the alveolar meshwork and from the capillary network of the pleura. The larger branches run within the interlobular septa…

Pulmonary and Thoracic Lymphatic System The pleural lymphatics are variable in size, number, and distribution. They distribute in a plexus with broad channels. There are abundant anastomoses with the pulmonary…

Thoracic Aorta and Arteries of the Trunk The thoracic aorta is conventionally divided into three segments: the ascending aorta, the aortic arch, and the descending aorta, which is subsequently divided…

Pulmonary Arterial Circulation Anatomically, the pulmonary arteries are elastic, with little mural musculature down to their fifth or sixth divisions. Peripherally, the amount of smooth muscle in the walls of…

Lymphatic System of the Thorax Peripheral lymph drainage to the venous circulation is accomplished via the right and left lymphovenous portals, which are located close to the junction of the…

Arteries of the Head and Neck The arterial vascularization of the head and neck originates from the three main arteries at the aortic arch (Fig. 2.1). In two thirds of…

Arteries of the Spinal Cord and Spine The arterial supply of the cervical spinal cord arises from several branches of the subclavian artery (Figs. 5.1, 5.2), vertebral artery (Fig. 5.3),…

Veins of the Head and Neck The superficial veins of the head and neck vary in number and position. The most common pattern of venous distribution is the following (Fig….

Veins of the Spinal Cord and Spine Inside and outside of the vertebral canal, along the entire length of the spinal cord, there are a number of venous plexuses, with…