Multiple sclerosis is a diffuse disease of the central nervous system, and MRI of the spinal cord is highly recommended in the clinical evaluation of patients suspected of having multiple…
Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS) provides tissue metabolic information in vivo. This article reviews the role of MRS-determined metabolic alterations in lesions, normal-appearing white matter, gray matter, and…
A variable effectiveness of reparative and recovery mechanisms following tissue damage is among the factors that might contribute to explaining resolution of symptoms and maintenance of a normal level of…
We introduce the fundamental aspects of MT, of MT MR imaging, and the respective analysis techniques. We then review the applications of MT MR imaging to multiple sclerosis. Finally we…
Diffusion tensor (DT) MR imaging is able to detect and quantify multiple sclerosis (MS)–related tissue damage within and outside T2-visible lesions. DT MR imaging has also been shown to be…
Mulliken and Glowacki’s seminal classification of vascular anomalies into vascular tumors (with infantile hemangiomas being paradigmatic) versus nontumorous vascular malformations has been as important in the head and neck region…
Carotid blowout syndrome can be a life-threatening late complication of surgical and radiation therapy for head and neck tumors in the vicinity of the cervical carotid artery. The syndrome spans…
Classical anatomists have provided detailed description of the arterial collateral pathways found in the head and neck. The small branches building this intricate network are difficult to access. The arterial…
Carotid cavernous fistulas (CCFs) are abnormal communications between the carotid arterial system and the cavernous sinus. CCFs are broadly classified as either direct or indirect. Surgical treatment of CCFs is…
Cervical arterial dissections and dissecting aneurysms are relatively rare pathologies, but can be associated with significant morbidity from ischemic complications. We review the challenges in diagnosing cervical arterial dissections, their…
