Functional neurosurgery involves precise surgical targeting of anatomic structures to modulate neurologic function. From its conception, advances in the surgical treatment of movement disorders have been intertwined with developments in…
The functional magnetic resonance (fMR) technique for brain mapping is a valuable tool for understanding both normal physiology and the dysfunction taking place in disorders of the brain. This article…
Parkinsonism is a syndrome that features bradykinesia (slowness of the initiation of voluntary movement) and at least 1 of the following conditions: rest tremor, muscular rigidity, or postural instability. Criteria…
Parkinson disease (PD) is the most common neurodegenerative cause of parkinsonism, followed by progressive supranuclear palsy and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Despite published consensus operational criteria for the diagnosis of…
Extrapyramidal syndromes (ES) belong to the most common neurologic illnesses. Because new and promising therapeutic options are currently under development, there is a substantial demand for molecular imaging procedures with…
Classification of diseases aids understanding and activity by creating an overview. No single classification can serve all purposes, and it is helpful to be aware of the range of methods…
Percutaneous lumbar discectomy is a proven alternative to the more invasive open discectomy used to treat patients who experience discogenic pain. Estimated to cost the United States health care system…
Fusion techniques are considered the gold standard for treatment of lumbar spinal instability, although there are many shortcomings and disadvantages. In the past two decades the concept of dynamic stabilization…
Pain that develops in the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spine is typically initiated from a clinical condition called spondylosis. Radiofrequency ablation is a key element in the treatment protocol…
Spinal cord stimulation has been used successfully for more than 40 years. The application of an electrical impulse field on to the spinal cord is used with a battery generator…
