Mediastinum: Introduction and Normal Anatomy
Computed tomography (CT) is commonly used in patients suspected of having a mediastinal mass or vascular abnormality (e.g., an aortic aneurysm). In general, CT is performed in two situations. First,…
Introduction to CT of the Thorax: Chest CT Techniques
S piral (helical) computed tomography (CT) allows the entire chest to be imaged in a few seconds or less (i.e., during a single breath hold), with volumetric acquisition of scan…
Peripheral Veins and Arteries
Peripheral Artery Disease Patients may present with acute or chronic lower extremity arterial insufficiency. Chronic lower extremity arterial insufficiency is typically secondary to atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a gradual, degenerative disease…
Kidney and Renal Transplant
Normal Anatomy Kidneys The kidneys are retroperitoneal structures and are surrounded by fascial layers, including Gerota’s fascia. There is direct supply of the renal arteries and veins to the kidney…
Approach to the Patient with Chest Pain
Introduction Undifferentiated chest pain presents a diagnostic dilemma because there are many potential causes, with some etiologies being imminently life threatening. These diagnoses often cannot be determined by history or…
Nerve Blocks
Introduction Single-injection ultrasound-guided peripheral nerve blocks (USGNBs) are ideal for pain relief from acute injuries and adjunct analgesic for painful procedures. By injecting local anesthetic adjacent to the nerve, both…
Gallbladder and Biliary
The Gallbladder Normal Anatomy The normal anatomy of the gallbladder, biliary tract, and surrounding organs is presented in Fig. 17.1 . The gallbladder is connected via the cystic duct to…
Venous Access
Introduction Since 2001 the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and the American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) have recommended the use of ultrasound guidance for the placement of…
Lower Abdomen and Bowel
Bowel Ultrasound Normal Anatomy The small bowel consists of the bowel distal to the stomach and proximal to the colon. It is approximately 5 meters long and includes the duodenum,…
Male Pelvis
Scrotum Normal Anatomy The surface of the testis is surrounded by the tunica vaginalis, which extends to the inner surface of the scrotal wall in continuity. A trace amount of…
