◊ >90% of nipples contain 5–9 ductal orifices (b) multiple other blind-ending orifices: connected to sebaceous glands of 1–4 cm in length √ bilateral symmetric enhancement pattern of normal nipple: √ 1–2 mm superficial…
Axis Anomalies 1. Persistent ossiculum terminale = Bergman ossicle √ unfused odontoid process > 12 years of age DDx: type 1 odontoid fracture 2. Odontoid aplasia (extremely rare) 3. Os odontoideum = independent os cephalad to…
viral infection (CMV, malaria, EBV); congenital disease; metabolic abnormality (Gaucher disease, amyloidosis); neoplasm (leukemia, lymphoma, hemangiomatosis, angiosarcoma) 3. Gynecologic causes:hemorrhagic ovarian cyst (usually corpus luteal / follicular cyst); ectopic pregnancy; HELLP…
MULTILOCULAR CYSTIC HEPATIC LESIONS A. CONGENITAL 1. Polycystic liver disease B. NEOPLASTIC 1. Biliary cystadenoma / ~carcinoma 2. Hepatocellular carcinoma 3. Cystic metastasis: neuroendocrine tumor, melanoma, GIST, mucinous colorectal / mucinous ovarian carcinoma; treated metastasis 4. Inflammatory…
NHL > Burkitt lymphoma, Hodgkin disease √ bilateral multiple renal masses: √ slightly hyperattenuating relative to renal parenchyma on NECT √ hypoattenuating homogeneous masses during nephrographic phase on CECT √ direct extension of retroperitoneal…
ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA = AVF = abnormal communication between artery + vein resulting in tremendous amount of flow due to high pressure gradient → enlargement + elongation of draining veins; NO nidus Cause:…
fracture, cholesteatoma, paraganglioma, hemangioma, facial nerve schwannoma, metastasis, Bell palsy, otitis media • loss of lacrimation, hyperacusis, loss of taste C. EXTRACRANIAL PAROTID SEGMENTforceps delivery, penetrating facial trauma, parotid surgery, parotid malignancy,…
◊ Actinomycotic infections are polymicrobial! Pathogenesis: trauma / surgery / foreign body → disruption of mucosal barrier → bacterial entry into deep tissues → fibrotic lesion spreading beyond fascial planes → abscess…
