The Management of Radiation Cystitis
Grade 0 1 2 3 4 Early Symptom complex No change Frequency of urination or nocturia twice pretreatment habit/dysuria, urgency not requiring medication Frequency of urination or nocturia that…
Radiation Cystitis: Acute and Chronic
Fig. 7.1 a and b Cystoscopic view of radiation cystitis Normal bladder urothelium consists of several layers of polyhedral (transitional) cells divided into three main layers from surface to base:…
The Role of Radiation in Urological Malignancies
Fig. 2.1 RT fields for a stage I seminoma Fig. 2.2 a Initial RT fields for a stage IIA seminoma. Enlarged PA node in yellow-green. b Boost field for stage…
Effects and Management of Pelvic Radiation on Female Reproductive System: Sexual Dysfunction, Fertility Effects, and Premature Menopause
Hot flashes Vaginal dryness Night sweats Overactive bladder Mood swings Skin changes Headache Hair loss Insomnia Irritability Lack of concentration Weight gain Poor memory Lack of libido Joint pains Depression…
Effects of Radiation Therapy for Rectal Cancer on Anorectal Function
Fig. 10.1 Mechanisms involved in the complex physiopathology of anal incontinence secondary to pelvic irradiation Radiation Proctopathy Acute radiation proctopathy develops during or shortly after a course of radiation therapy….
Prevention of Injury from Pelvic Irradiation
Fig. 4.1 Representative axial slices showing isodose distributions for two planes for an (a, c) IMRT and (b, d) 3D-CRT plan. The central (high dose) isodose line is more conformal…
Contribution of Chemotherapy to the Toxicity of Pelvic Irradiation
Mechanism Explanation Clinical example Comments Spatial cooperation Working on different anatomical regions of the body to improve outcome without additive toxicity RT in SCLC Chemotherapy does not cross blood brain…
Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Neoplasms (PNENs)
Fig. 10.1 PNEN macroscopic appearance. Intraoperative and surgical speciments of four nonfunctional PNENs show (a) a small mass bulging on the serosal surface (arrows), (b) a small, round, purple mass…
Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDAC)
Fig. 11.1 Distribution of ductal adenocarcinoma in the pancreas Practical Pearls The location of the tumor in the pancreas determines its route of spread and the nodal groups involved. A…
Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm (IPMN)
Fig. 8.1 Illustration of the different types of IPMNs. (a) Side-branch duct-type. (b) Multifocal branch duct-type. (c) Main pancreatic duct-type. (d) Combined-type IPMNs are classified according to their origin Branch…
