Anatomy of the Upper and Lower Extremity Arteries
Introduction A solid familiarity of the anatomy of the upper and lower extremity arteries is required for the evaluation of arterial disease. This chapter provides an overview of the upper…
Principles and Instruments of Ultrasonography
Introduction This chapter serves as an introduction to the physical and technical aspects of vascular sonography, including the following: (1) ultrasound principles, (2) transducers, (3) instruments, (4) advanced features, and…
Doppler Flow Imaging and Spectral Analysis
Introduction In this chapter, we review the concepts and principles necessary for understanding and interpreting color Doppler images and pulsed Doppler waveforms and discuss the key elements needed for the…
The Hemodynamics of Vascular Disease
Overview The human circulatory system is extremely complex. Blood flow is influenced by many factors: 1. The heart influences the strength and amount of ejected blood. 2. The elastic arteries…
Ultrasound Assessment of the Intracranial Arteries
Introduction In 1965, Miyazaki and Kato first reported the use of continuous-wave Doppler ultrasound for the assessment of extracranial cerebral vessels. Despite its rapid development in other medical fields, this…
How to Assess Difficult and Uncommon Carotid Cases
Introduction Carotid occlusion is one of the most important diagnoses that is made in the vascular laboratory or imaging department. The distinction between carotid occlusion and near-total occlusion or high-grade…
Ultrasound Assessment of the Vertebral Arteries
Introduction The association of carotid atherosclerotic disease with symptomatic cerebrovascular disease (i.e., transient ischemic attacks), amaurosis fugax, and stroke, is well established. Carotid endarterectomy and stenting are also effective in…
Carotid Sonography: Protocol and Technical Considerations
Key wordscommon carotid artery, internal carotid artery, flow separation, intima-media thickness, carotid bulb, flow divider, tortuosity B-Mode Ultrasound of the Normal Carotid Artery Wall The carotid artery wall is…
Ultrasound Assessment of Carotid Stenosis
Introduction The identification of carotid artery stenosis is the most common indication for cerebrovascular ultrasound. The majority of stenotic lesions occur in the proximal internal carotid artery (ICA); however, other…
Evaluating Carotid Plaque and Carotid Intima-Media Thickness
Key wordsatherosclerosis, plaque, intima-media thickness, gray-scale median, ultrasound transducer, plaque ulceration, plaque calcification, echodensity, carotid arteries Introduction The ultrasound evaluation of carotid artery atherosclerosis has evolved over the years….
