NECK AND FACE
7.1 CLEFT LIP AND PALATE Print Section Listen EPIDEMIOLOGY/GENETICS Definition A facial cleft involving the upper lip or palate, usually occurring to the left or right of midline, the cleft…
TUMORS OF THE BRAIN
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS Fetal brain tumors are rare and usually diagnosed only in the 3rd trimester of pregnancy or even only after delivery. Most types have…
FETAL CEREBRAL CIRCULATION
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS Data collected from Doppler velocity recordings using both spectral and color Doppler mode confirm the fundamental aspects of the fetoplacental circulation. Changes in…
INTRACRANIAL CYSTS
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS One of the most common and usually benign fetal brain tetralogy pathology. Easily detected due to its obvious anechoic appearance at places that…
ANOMALIES OF THE CEREBELLUM
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS A wide variety of congenital anomalies can affect the cerebellum. The antenatal findings overlap among different pathologies and normal variants. Consequently, a specific…
ANOMALIES OF VENTRAL INDUCTION
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS Anomalies of ventral induction of the fetal brain include a group of conditions that share in common an anomalous process of cleavage of…
VERTEBRAL ANOMALIES
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS Sonographic evaluation of the vertebral column and the spine is a requirement of almost all governing bodies. Starting the 13th postmenstrual weeks it…
INTRAUTERINE INFECTIONS AFFECTING THE BRAIN
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS Depending on geographic factors, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and toxoplasmosis are the more frequent intrauterine infections (IUIs). The pattern of brain involvement in CMV-IUI may…
METABOLIC DISORDERS
KEY POINTS Print Section Listen KEY POINTS Inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) are rare disorders, most of them only present after delivery. Several IEMs may affect the fetus, producing congenital…
MISCELLANEOUS ABNORMALITIES
12.1 AMNIOTIC BAND SYNDROME Print Section Listen EPIDEMIOLOGY/GENETICS Definition Amniotic band syndrome (ABS) is a rare spectrum of congenital anomalies caused by entanglement of fetal parts, or disruption of anatomic…
