■ Introduction Echocardiography is the primary imaging modality used in the evaluation of cardiac valve morphology, function, and disease. This modality is broadly available and portable, and there is widespread…

▪ Introduction Congenital heart and vascular diseases are relatively uncommon malformations of the heart or great vessels that occur during embryologic development. With advances in medical and surgical treatments, most…

■ Introduction: Using Cardiovascular Imaging Cardiovascular diseases remain one of the most common causes of death in industrialized nations. Over the last decade, substantial technical advances in cardiovascular imaging have…

Introduction Cystic lung diseases present a considerable diagnostic challenge mainly because CT findings can be similar in many of these diseases. In addition, a number of pulmonary abnormalities can result…

▪ Pleural Anatomy The pleura is a stroma supported by the mesothelial lining of the thoracic cavity. It is composed of two layers: an inner visceral pleura and an outer…

▪ Introduction Congenital lung disease in the adult patient is rare. However, some congenital lung diseases can cause clinical symptoms for which patients undergo imaging, or these diseases may be…

Introduction Interstitial lung disease (ILD) refers to a broad category of diffuse parenchymal lung diseases characterized by inflammation and/or fibrosis of the lungs. Patients invariably present with dyspnea of varying…

▪ Introduction CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) to assess for pulmonary embolism (PE) makes up the lion’s share of most radiologists’ exposure to the pulmonary vascular system and is the focus…

Introduction The deleterious effects of smoking tobacco have been established for decades and largely began with the 1964 Surgeon General’s Report, which linked smoking to the development of bronchogenic carcinoma….

Introduction In many ways, the challenges related to occupational and environmental lung disease imaging reflect the challenges for all of radiology. The best imaging interpretation relies heavily on the appropriate…